Carbonates, laundry detergents

Lighter C —Cg a-olefias and Cg branched olefins are converted by the oxo process into fatty acids containing one carbon number greater than the starting a-olefin. These fatty acids are then used to produce alkenylhen enesulfonic acid products which are used ia the United States and ia Europe as perborate bleach activators ia heavy-duty laundry detergents. 

The household laundry detergents were reformulated to become more biodegradable in the 1960s. The principal detergents used in households were alkylbenzene sulfonates, R-G-SG Na" ", where the alkyl group R has 9 to 17 carbon atoms and can have many... 

The principal use of sodium carbonate peroxohydrate is as a bleaching agent in domestic and laundry detergents. It is used also for industrial textile-bleaching, tripe-bleaching, and in denture cleaners. It can also be used as a convenient oxidant in organic chemistry. 

Alkylbenzene sulfonates (R-C6H5-S03Na) are important surfactant compounds used in laundry detergents. Alkylbenzenes (made by the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene using linear olefin molecules that have about twelve carbon atoms) are sulfonated, and the sulfonic acids are then neutralized with NaOH. 

Citric acid is used in soft drinks, candies, wines, desserts, jellies, jams, as an antioxidant in frozen fruits and vegetables, and as an emulsifier in cheese. As the most versatile food acidulant, citric acid accounts for about 70 percent of the total food acidulant market. It provides effervescence by combining the citric acid with a biocarbonate/carbonate source to form carbon dioxide. Citric acid and its salts are also used in blood anticoagulants to chelate calcium, block blood clotting, and buffer the blood. Citric acid is contained in various cosmetic products such as hair shampoos, rinses, lotions, creams, and toothpastes. More recently, citric acid has been used for metal cleaning, substituted for phosphate in detergents, for secondary oil recovery, and as a buffer/absorber in stack gas desulfurization. The use of sodium citrate in heavy-duty liquid laundry detergent formulations has resulted in a rapid increase in the use of citric acid. 

Carbonates. In most areas of the United States, phosphates have been legislatively banned from use in home laundry detergents. Sodium... 

Sodium carbonate is commonly used in powdered laundry detergent, automatic dishwashing compounds, and hand surface cleaners. 

Sulfated alcohols that are produced from alcohols that have a methyl branch in the hydrophobic group are more water-soluble than AS made from primary linear alcohols with the same number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic group and are considerably more tolerant than the latter to calcium ion in the water. Their biodegradability is comparable to that of AS. They have been introduced into some laundry detergents. 

Current laundry detergents in powder form contain 8-25% surfactant and 30-80% builders. The builders are mainly inorganic salts, used at fairly high percentages, but a few organic polymeric materials are also used, at low percentages. Sodium polyacrylates have been recommended for use with sodium carbonate as builder. The polyacrylates prevent precipitation of insoluble carbonates (Nagarajan, 1985). 

Laundry Detergent-Industrial Institutional (Sodium Carbonate. Powder ... 

Laundry Detergent-Industrial Institutional fSodi urn Carbonate with Flow Aid. Powder 1... 

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