Information sources primary

The literature of chemistry and associated fields has iacreased enormously siace 1980. Kstahlishment of subspecialties and newly defined disciplines as well as iacreased research output have led to an explosion of journals, books, and on-line databases, all of which attempt to capture, record, and disseminate this plethora of knowledge (1). Tertiary reference tools ia chemistry and technology (eg, KJrk-Othmer, 4th ed.) help track the primary Hterature. Excellent references that discuss basic chemical information tools are The Titerature Matrix of Chemistry (1), Chemical Information Sources (2), and Mow to Find Chemical Information (3). 

Unifying disparate information sources into a single data model is an intrinsically difficult process. Even when the same kinds of information are collected in different places, it is done so for different reasons, which are reflected in data organization. A common example is extraction of information from scientific literature, where the goal is to make a collection of a particular kind of data. Since the origins of the data are research papers, such efforts often result in document databases where the article is the primary entity and the content is represented by various attributes (e.g., lists of referenced molecules). However, a document-oriented database is rarely suitable for the specific requirements of most scientific investigations. Such efforts often invert ... 

Even unifying information about a very specific field such as the pharmacology of discrete drugs is a monumental task. The primary reason for this difficulty is the disparity of purpose between various information sources. Consider how different the purposes are ofWDI (World Drug Index) [20], PDR (Physician s Desk Reference) [21], MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) [22] and REG (Chemical Abstracts Registry) [23], each of which has a different natural data model. 

The array of CAMs is so vast that even a partial listing is difficult. Some of the more common CAMs are listed in Table 38-1, and are addressed briefly below to provide some indication of their source, primary indications, and potential adverse effects. These discussions are not intended to advocate the use of these substances or to provide a detailed evaluation of the evidence supporting or refuting their use. For more information about these or other CAMs, please refer to several sources listed at the end of the chapter.53,67,73... 

There are advantages and disadvantages to using different data sources. Primary data collection, in which data are collected solely for purposes of the project, are the best sources of data because the researcher can request and generate exactly the information that... 

As with economic data, clinical information can be collected from primary and secondary data sources. Primary data can be collected at the point of care, when the pharmacist sees the patient. Primary data collection is the most reliable method of collecting clinical information because it provides the most control over the data collection process. The pharmacist can ask patients questions, perform necessary laboratory tests, conduct physical assessments, and record information either electronically or on paper. 

Second, the United States should devise and fund programs intended to generate information from primary sources (as opposed to secondary news sources) about the weapons complexes to fill in some of the gaps in the current understanding of the knowledge-diversion problem. The Analytical Center for Non-Proliferation at Sarov is a promising model for other facilities in the nuclear complex and in other complexes. 

After consulting these three single-volume references, one would turn to more comprehensive multivolume sources such as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Fifth Edition. This dictionary, still known as Heilbron, the name of its former editor, now comprises seven volumes of specific information, with primary literature references, on the synthesis, reactions, and derivatives of more than 50,000 compounds. Rodd s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, another valuable multivolume work with primary literature references, is organized by functional group rather than in dictionary form. Elsevier s Encyclopedia of Organic Compounds in about twenty volumes is an incomplete reference work on the chemical and physical properties of compounds. It is useful for those areas it covers. References to Elsevier are found in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 

Altimaras, J. Nieto-Hernandez, T. Buitrago, F. Presence of excipients in pharmaceutical products in three sources of therapeutic information. Aten. Primaris. 1996, 18 (4), 190-193. 

As in university or academic-based drug information centers, published literature used to develop an answer to a drug information inquiry can be divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Primary sources are the most desirable type of data to use and can be subdivided, depending on the type of data collected. Information gleaned from randomized, prospective, double-blind trials result in data more useful than just one case report on a given topic. Ideally, the most rigorous data available are used however, case reports and abstracts may be the only available literature published. Peer-reviewed, well-respected journals should be used. 

The Chemical Information Sources Wiki (http //cheminfo. informatics.indiana.edu/cicc/cis/index.php/Main Page) is a guide to the many sources of reference materials available for those with questions related to chemistry. The site includes information on primary, secondary, and tertiary pubheation sources, chemical information databases, physical property information, chemical patent searching, and molecular visualization tools and sites. The material is based on an undergraduate course offered for many years in the Indiana University Department of Chemistry by Gary Wiggins. 

Results reported in secondary sources (publications reporting previously published results) were avoided in the present compilation, and attempts were made to access the primary source. This process often consisted of many steps, because what appeared to be a primary source often happened to be another secondary source. Secondary sources were chiefly used to acquire information about primary sources. The results from PhD theses, conference proceedings, and publications using non-Latin alphabets are often cited after secondary sources when the original source was not accessible or difficult to understand. It was not always easy to distinguish between primary and secondary sources. In a few papers, it was not clear if they reported an original pi I,), with the reference being cited only for a method, or if the reference was also cited for the value of pH,. Such problems could not be solved without inspection of the reference. 

Data banks differ as to whether they contain the information itself (primary information or factual data) or whether they refer to other information sources (secondary information or literature data). Some types of data which are important for process development are [Achema 1991] ... 

Within a given sensory modality, it is easy to understand that different stimuU place different demands or loads on information-processing systems. Thus, in order to properly interpret results of performance tests, it is necessary to describe the stimulus. While this remains a topic of ongoing research with inherent controversies, some useful working constructs are available. At issue is not simply a qualitative description, but the measurement of stimulus content (or complexity). Shannon s information theory [1948], which teaches how to measure the amount of information associated with a generalized information source, has been the primary tool used in these efforts. Thus, a stimulus can be characterized in terms of the amount of information present in it Simple stimuli (e.g., a light that is on or off ) possess less information... 

Controller operation has three primary parts control inputs and other relevant external information sources, the control algorithms, and the process model. Inadequate, ineffective, or missing control actions necessary to enforce the safety constraints and ensure safety can stem from flaws in each of these parts. For human controllers and actuators, context is also an important factor. 

With the status of current secondary and tertiary services being as briefly stated above, the innovative approach of the Solubility Data Project is that its compilation and critical evaluation work involve consolidation and reprocessing services when both activities are based on intellectual and scholarly reworking of information from primary sources, it comprises compact compilation, rationalization and simplification, and the fitting of isolated numerical data into a critically evaluated general framework. 

The Solubility Data Project has developed a mechanism which involves a number of innovations in exploiting the literature fully, and which contains new elements of a more imaginative approach for transfer of reliable information from primary to secondary/tertiary sources. The fundamental trend of the Solubility Data Project is toward integration of secondary and tertiary services with the objective of producing in-depth critical analysis and evaluation which are characteristic to secondary services, in a scope as broad as conventional tertiary services. 

Anthony, L.J., ed. 1985. Information Sources in Engineering, 2nd ed. London Butterworths. Primary and secondary information sources are discussed, and these are followed with chapters on specific engineering fields. The Aerospace Engineering chapter has an excellent discussion of the technical information programs in a number of countries, key periodicals, abstracts, and a short list of monographs. 

Macleod, R.A. and J. Corlett, eds. 2005. Information Sources in Engineering, 4th ed. New York Bowker Saur. A collection of chapters describing primary and secondary sources in all fields of engineering, and then listing the specific literature in over 20 fields. This edition provides a chapter on aerospace engineering. 

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