Literature data

Data by Wisnudel and Torkelson [78] on the diffusion of small probes in solution can also be used for comparison. These workers investigated the diffusion coefficient of 16 probes of different molar volume (and mass). They found the diffusion coefficient of these probes to scale with the molar volume to the power -0.6 in pure solvent. Assuming that the chain length of the oligomers is a fair estimate for the molar volume of these species, then this power 0.6 is an equivalent of the value of the chain-length exponent b in this study. Also this exponent is slightly higher than the value of 0.4i found in this study. 

Principles of Polymer Chemistry , Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1953, Chapter 14. 

Buback, C.H. Kurz, C. Schmalz, Macro io/. Chem. Phys., 199,1721 (1998) 

Beuermann, M. Buback, in Controlled Radical Polymerization , Ed. K. Matyjaszewski, ACS Symposium Series 685, Am. Chem. Soe., Washington, 1998, Chapter 6 

With respect to the polymer film yield, the best coating performances were obtained on zinc, ahuninium, lead, cadmium however, the formation of thick films 1 mg/cm ) always required more than 1 hour of electrolysis. The yields obtained on metals as Pt, Fe, Ni were very much poorer. 

It was claimed that by increa g the potential difference between the electrodes the yield increases the same result can be obtained by adding catalytic amounts of peroxy compounds. 

Some of these results were confirmed by Jostan et al. they reported that diacetone acrylamide cannot be polymerized by either amperostatic or potentiostatic electrolysis, whereas the electropolymerization is successful when applying constant potential differences between the electrodes. 

Working with aluminium cathodes, by a voltage = 12 V in a divided cell, it was found that the polymerization has three main periods  

The current sharply decreased from the first to the second period while it kept an almost stationary value during the third (the current went from 10 mA/cm to a final value of 5 mA/cm ). 

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Calculations usirig this value afford a partition coefficient for 5.2 of 96 and a micellar second-order rate constant of 0.21 M" s" . This partition coefficient is higher than the corresponding values for SDS micelles and CTAB micelles given in Table 5.2. This trend is in agreement with literature data, that indicate that Cu(DS)2 micelles are able to solubilize 1.5 times as much benzene as SDS micelles . Most likely this enhanced solubilisation is a result of the higher counterion binding of Cu(DS)2... 

Determination of separation efficiencies from pilot-plant data is also affected by axial dispersion. Neglecting it yields high or values. Literature data for this parameter have usually not been corrected for this effect. 

Equation 6 has been fitted to a wide variety of literature data in which solid density ranged from about 1—6 g/cm and Hquid densities were generally close to 1 g/cm (44). The foUowing relationships were found. 

Whilst comparisons of literature data are sometimes difficult to make as a result of experimental differences and marked solvent effects, several energy barriers (AG ) which reflect the different substituent effects are summarized in Table 1. 

The first term is a film number the second is the Fronde number. The equation apphes to ring packings only operating below the load point and correlates all literature data to about 20 percent. 

Peroxymonosulphuric acid (PMSA, H SO ) proved to be a promising oxidizer in reactions with chemiluminescent substances (luminol) with participation of such ions as Mn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Cr(IV), V(V). The literature data show the possibility of utilization PMSA in indicating reaction with ferroin ([Fe(l,10-phenanthrolyne) ] ) which is accelerated by Mn(II) compounds. 

Some experimental and literature data of sample preparation were discussed ... 

In preliminary design one usually picks a reasonable packing and uses literature data to determine its height in one or more beds. Standard internals are provided to round out the estimate. See Figure 1 and Notes. 

Available in metal only, low pressure drop, low HETP, flooding limit probably higher than Raschig rings. Not much literature data available. Used mostly in small laboratory or semi-plant studies. 

Commercial computer services are available to do rigorous distillation calculations. Perhaps the licensor will provide copies of rigorous computer runs to validate his balances. Alternately, the operating company can make such runs. For highly non-ideal systems, literature data for binary pairs may have to be sought. In some cases, laboratory equilibrium data may have to be obtained in-house or contracted out to one of several organizations or universities that are in this business. 

The price of air-cooled exchangers should be obtained from vendors if possible. If not, then by coirelating in-house historical data on a basis of /ft of bare surface vs. total bare surface. Correction factors for materials of construction. pressure, numbers of tube rows, and tube length must be used. Literature data on air coolers is available (Reference 15). but it should be the last resort. In any event, at least one air-cooled heat exchanger in each project should be priced by a vendor to calibrate the historical data to reflect the supply and demand situation at the expected time of procurement. 

Several sources (References 19. 20, 21, and 22) are available for estimating pumps and drivers to check in-house coiTelations or to fill in w here data is not available. Care must be exercised in using construction cost indexes to update the literature data. It would be w ise to calibrate the indexes and literature data by getting vendor prices on a few of the larger, more expensive pumps, and 5% or 10% of the common types of pumps in the project being estimated. 

The driver on centrifugal compressors should be correlated separately. The difference in the initial cost of an electric motor and gas turbine would overshadow the cost correlation of compressors. Literature data can be found in Reference 25. 

Preliminary estimates of costs in foreign countries are difficult due to rapidly changing conditions overseas. For the many companies that do not have construction experience in foreign countries, or in the one being considered, help from a contractor who has built plants in that country is necessary in adjusting U.S. costs. If literature data is needed. References 30 and 31 give some data on foreign construction. 

The measured pressure drops were slightly greater than literature data would indicate for packed carbon beds. However, they are certainly not prohibitive and a successful outcome of the Westinghouse trial of the SOFC guard bed is anticipated. 

Plots of log population density versus crystal size of the type shown in Figure 5.14 enable the crystallization kinetics to be determined. Some early literature data reporting such analyses are summarized in Table 5.2. 

The crystal growth rates can be directly determined from the second and third moment as described above. The calculated rates for calcium oxalate here are in the range 0.75 x 10 to 4.7 x 10 m/s. Literature values for the growth rate of calcium oxalate monohydrate vary considerably 1.08 x 10 m/s (Kavanagh, 1992), 3.4 X 10 to 5.0 x 10 m/s (Garside etal., 1982) and 2.8 x lO to 1.11 X 10 m/s (Nielsen and Toft, 1984). The values obtained from the experiments are therefore within the range of the literature data. It should be borne in... 

To express the maximum potential explosive power of a fuel, a safe and conservative value for TNT equivalencies of vapor cloud explosions was estimated from literature data on major incidents, after correction for virtual distance. Prugh (1987) concluded that the maximum energy-based TNT equivalency is highly depen-... 

From a practical point of view, literature data indicate that it is not necessary in most cases to isolate the title salts prior to their reaction. Tliis can be readily understood since their preparation is nearly quantitative and sulfur dioxide is the sole product evolved during their formation. In fact, it is highly advisable to recourse to a two-step procedure during the reactions between A -(l-chloroalkyl)pyridinium chlorides and amino acids (Section IV,C,6) (97BSB383). 

The high reactivity of monosubstituted acetylenes in many reactions (acetylenic condensation, Favorsky reaction, Mannich reaction, oxidative coupling, etc.) is determined by their acidity (7IMI1 83MI1). The literature data on the thermodynamic CH acidity of these compounds are rather scarce. 

Literaturangaben,/.pi. literature data. Liter-inhalt, m. capacity in liters, -kolben, m. liter flask, -messkolben, m. liter measuring flask. 

Section 3.3. In this section we deal specifically with the electrochemical properties of ionic liquids (electrochemical windows, conductivity, and transport properties) we will discuss the techniques involved in measuring these properties, summarize the relevant literature data, and discuss the effects of ionic liquid components and purity on their electrochemical properties. 

A linear regression was performed on the data, giving a slope of 1.08, an intercept of 1.922, and = 0.94. The fit of the data to the linear relationship is surprisingly good when one considers the wide variety of ionic liquids and the unloiown errors in the literature data. This linear behavior in the Walden Plot clearly indicates that the number of mobile charge carriers in an ionic liquid and its viscosity are strongly coupled. 

Section 6.2.1 offers literature data on the electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors from ionic liquids and briefly introduces basic considerations for electrochemical experiments. Section 6.2.2 describes new results from investigations of process at the electrode/ionic liquids interface. This part includes a short introduction to in situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. 

For systems without test data or literature data... 

Eduljee s [19] correlation of literature data appears to offer a route to evaluating the effect of entrainment on tray spacing and efficiency. It is suggested as another check on other methods. Figure 8-117 may be used as recommended ... 

The values of a/e determined experimentally by Lobo et al. are indicated [47]. These are the values in the development of the basic relation expressed in Figure 9-21A with correction of i]) suggested by Leva [41]. These a/values were found to correlate a considerable amount of the literature data within 12%. This would mean about a 6% error in tower diameter determined at flooding conditions. 

This review tries to analyze and evaluate the new phenomena disclosed in this fresh field of polymer chemistry and to outline directions of its further development. The properties of polymeric materials and the methods of their synthesis will be considered only so far as is required for the fulfilment of that task. The semiconductive properties of PCSs will not be discussed in detail, since this problem is dealt with in a number of special reviews2-8 and monographs9-11 including those written with the participation of the present authors4,8 10. Apart from the literature data, the results obtained during the last 15 years by a research team headed by the authors will be considered. The studies have been carried out mainly in the following directions ... 

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