Primary data

Factual databases mainly contain alphanumeric data on chemical compounds. In contrast to bibliographic databases, factual databases directly describe the objects primary data on chemical compounds) and provide the required information on them. Factual databases can be divided into numeric databases, metadatabases, research project databases, and catalogs of chemical compounds. 

Decisions affecting the future direction of the organization and its products and services are made from information gleaned through market research. Should this information be grossly inaccurate, over optimistic or pessimistic the result may well be the loss of many customers to the competition. It is therefore vital that objective data is used to make these decisions. The data can be primary data (data collected for the first time during a market research study) or secondary data (previously collected data). However, you need to be cautious with secondary data, as it could be obsolete or have been collected on a different basis than needed for the present study. 

Transfonii primary data based on sampling and modulation frequency... 

The primary data-measurement point on the inboard bearing housing should be located in the plane opposing the induced load (sideload), with the secondary point at 90°. The outboard primary data-measurement point should be in a plane opposite the inboard bearing with the secondary at 90°. 

The gear mesh should be in a plane opposing the preload creating the primary data-measurement point on each shaft. A secondary data-measurement point should be located at 90° to the primary point. 

The primary data of sequencing projects are DNA sequences. These become only really valuable through their annotation. Several layers of analysis with bioinformatics tools are necessary to arrive from a raw DNA sequence at an annotated protein sequences ... 

The significance of n.m.r. spectroscopy for structural elucidation of carbohydrates can scarcely be underestimated, and the field has become vast with ramifications of specialized techniques. Although chemical shifts and spin couplings of individual nuclei constitute the primary data for most n.m.r.-spectral analyses, other n.m.r. parameters may provide important additional data. P. Dais and A. S. Perlin (Montreal) here discuss the measurement of proton spin-lattice relaxation rates. The authors present the basic theory concerning spin-lattice relaxation, explain how reliable data may be determined, and demonstrate how these rates can be correlated with stereospecific dependencies, especially regarding the estimation of interproton distances and the implications of these values in the interpretation of sugar conformations. 

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) molten salts database has been designed to provide engineers and scientists with rapid access to critically evaluated data for inorganic salts in the molten state. Properties include density, viscosity, electrical conductance, and surface tension. Properties for approximately 320 single salts and 4000 multicomponent systems are included, the latter being primarily binary. Data have been abstracted from the literature over the period 1890-1990. The primary data sources are the National Bureau of Standards-National... 

The CrossFire Beilstein database is the world s largest compilation of chemical facts. This database indexes three primary data domains substances, reactions and literature. The substance domain stores structural information with aU associated facts and literature references, including chemical, physical and bioactivity data. The reaction domain details the preparation of substances, enabling scientists to investigate specific reaction pathways with reaction search queries. The literature domain includes citations, titles and abstracts, which are hyperhnked to the substance and reaction domain entries. It contains over 320 million experimental data, over 10 million reactions and data indexed from over 175 journals. 

Figure 2.4 compares the GHG emissions in different sectors of the fluid milk process from three LCA analyses performed for U.S. dairy farms. The Cashman et al. (2009) study was conducted using primary data from farmers and processors for organic operations. The Thoma et al. (2010) study utilized... 

Systems for backing up data are required. There are a variety of media that will meet the requirement. The decision should be based on logistics, resources, and systems already in place. Some appropriate back-up media are floppy disks, zip drives, additional hard drives, network server and CD-ROMs. Data must be backed up at least once per day on the day that original raw data are entered into the program. Ideally, backed-up data should be stored in a fire-resistant, secure area or a secure location separate from where the primary data are stored. 

Values in kJ/mol calculated from primary data, using updated reference thermochemical values from... 

The quality of data entering the LCA study is to be determined in view of temporal, spatial, technological, data sources (it must be determined whether primary data required or secondary data can be used), their accuracy etc. It concerns the determination of all requirements for the input data [5]. 

Currently, there exists an enormous and growing deficit between the number of polypeptides whose amino acid sequence has been determined and the numbers of polypeptides whose three-dimensional structure has been resolved. Given the complexities of resolving three-dimensional structure experimentally, it is not surprising that scientists are continually attempting to develop methods by which they could predict higher order structure from amino acid sequence data. Although modestly successful secondary structure predictive approaches have been developed, no method by which tertiary structure may be predicted from primary data has thus far been developed. 

By lifting the simplifying restrictions, the kinetic observations can be examined in more detail over much wider concentration ranges of the reactants than those relevant to pseudo-first-order conditions. It should be added that sometimes a composite kinetic trace is more revealing with respect to the mechanism than the conventional concentration and pH dependencies of the pseudo-first-order rate constants. Simultaneous evaluation of the kinetic curves obtained with different experimental methods, and recorded under different conditions, is based on fitting the proposed kinetic models directly to the primary data. This method yields more accurate estimates for the rate constants than conventional procedures. Such an approach has been used sporadically in previous studies, but it is expected to be applied more widely and gain significance in the near future. 

The full text of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is available at http //www.unep.org/ozone/vienna t.shtml, and contains much of the primary data that alerted the scientific community to the threats of CFCs, etc. It is somewhat dated now, but the Web page of the United Nations Ozone Secretariat is more reliable http //www.unep.org/ozone/index-en.shtml. 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge that this work would not have been possible without the old-fashioned, detailed publication of primary data by Stannett and his group and by the earlier workers the currently fashionable omission of primary data by most authors is a serious obstacle to all investigations which involve the reinterpretation of established results. 

Unfortunately, by omitting to plot the primary data, i.e., kx versus c0, they missed the most interesting feature of their results and were misled by the plots of kp. Their results plotted by us are shown in Figures 4 and 5, where we see that with increasing c0 the kx... 

Fig. 18. Use of a negative value for the plotting constant kj for solutions of amylase80) in dimethyl sulphoxide (a) kj = +93.9, (b) kj = -93.9. The primary data points have been omitted for clarity...

Fig. 42. LS plots for 0-lactoglobulin A (concentration c2) dissolved in water/2-chloroethanol mixtures of compositions (% voL/vol. of 2-chloroethanol) indicated in (a). Plots (a) and (b) correspond to constant molality m3 and constant chemical potential JU3 respectively of the organic solvent135 The primary data points have been omitted for clarity...

It is only natural that, to date, bioinformatics tools contribute most to the analysis of amino acid sequences. Only a small amount of current sequence data is subjected to direct experimentation. The majority of amino acid sequences currently accessible in public databases have been derived by in silico translations of nucleic acid sequence data, despite the fact that amino acid sequencing was introduced historically long before nucleic acid sequencing. It is hard to predict the future of the experimental generation of primary data. Certainly, sequencing of nucleic acids continues to become cheaper and faster, and novel techniques may further enhance the production of data. DNA chips are already used to detect differences between very similar sequences other methods may generate DNA data even more efficiently. 

The traditional HPLC instrument is composed of two different parts the first part separates the components of the sample and the other part accomplishes the detection of the components separated. The part of the HPLC carrying out the separation contains a column, an injection device and the eluent delivery system (pump with filters, degasser and transfer tubing, eventually a mixer for gradient elution). One or more detectors, a signal output device coupled with appropriate software, are responsible for detection and primary data evaluation. Pumps deliver the eluent or the different components of the eluent into the column with a precise, constant and reproducible flow rate. 

The high quality numerical data on physical and chemical properties of atoms, molecules, and compounds present a good starting point for the development of a knowledgebase. The task is to condense the information contained in a series of individual data into a quantitative parametric model which will reproduce the primary data with a certain accuracy. If this is successful it can be used to predict new, as yet unknown data for which the same kind of accuracy can be expected. Furthermore, the parameters could also be of use in other models which in turn give new types of data. 

Multiparameter equations, such as Equation 4, obtained through MLRA are the simplest form of parallel connection of several models. Each model has been parameterized from its own source of primary data. Combined application can reproduce new types of data and lead to new information and knowledge. 

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