Latin alphabet

In LS coupling the energy levels of two-electron configuration will be characterized according to Eq. (11.2) by intermediate quantum numbers L, S and resultant momentum J. Usually, instead of LSJ, the notation 2S+1Lj is utilized. Quantum numbers L and S denote the term of the multiplicity 2S + 1, whereas J describes the so-called fine structure (levels) of the term. Each level in accordance with the values of M = —J,—J + 1,...,J consists of 2J + 1 states. The number of levels of the term equals 2S + 1, i.e. its multiplicity, if L > S, and equals 2L + 1, if L half-integer) positive values (including L = S = J = 0), however, usually the capital letters of the Latin alphabet are utilized to denote L (as well as small ones for /) in accordance with... 

The nuclei under the influence of the second perturbing field are denoted by the last Latin alphabet letters, and the observed nuclei by the initial ones. (25)... 

Data qualification consists of placing a data qualifier, also known as a data flag, next to the numerical value that is uncertain. Data qualifiers are usually the letters of the Latin alphabet. The most common data qualifier is U, used to identify undetected compounds as illustrated in Table 4.2. 

In the method of Latin squares, the experimental plan, given by the matrix of experiments, is a square table in which the first line contains the different levels of the first factor of the process whereas the levels for the second factor are given in the first column. The rest of the table contains capital letters from the Latin alphabet, which represent the order in which the experiments are carried out (example for pressure level Pj, four experiments for the temperature levels Tj, T2, T3, T4 occur in the following sequence A, B, C, A where A has been established as the first experiment, B as the second experiment, etc). The suffixes of these Latin capital letters introduce the different levels of the factors. Table 5.58 presents the schema of a plan of Latin squares. We can complete the description of this plan showing that the values of the process response can be written in each letter box once the experiment has been carried out. Indeed, we utilize three indexes for the theoretical utterance of a numerical value of the process response (v). For exam-... 

The known presolar/circumstellar phases diamond, silicon carbide, and graphite each contain a distinct noble-gas component which, like the major (except perhaps for carbon in diamonds), minor, and other trace elements in these phases, is radically anomalous compared to normal solar-system composition. These components are listed in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure 5. In the exploratory studies in which an understanding of these components was being developed, a variety of more-or-less complicated names, typically an acronym for some descriptive phrase or arbitrarily selected alphabetic characters (not all from the Latin alphabet), have been used. Some... 

These cases amply illustrate the importance of transliteration and particularly the necessity of a uniform transliteration scheme. Transliteration can be defined as rendition of one alphabet in letters of another. Unless there is a change-over from one alphabet to another, within the same language—e.g., Turkish, which adopted the Latin alphabet around 1920—transliteration applies only to proper nouns. 

Once a transliteration system is adopted, the rendition of originally Russian names into English and the location of these names in an English index is simple. However, names originally written in a Latin alphabet, then transposed into Russian and transliterated from the latter, are apt to become separated from their original forms. The following names are taken from a Chemical Abstracts author index. 

No discussion on transliteration of a foreign alphabet is complete without mentioning how this other alphabet is treating the Latin alphabet. In the Russian language foreign words and particularly proper nouns are spelled phonetically. A name is spelled so that phonetically it will reproduce the name as closely as possible the way it sounds in the... 

Russian language journals are careful in making references to works in the Latin alphabet. Authors names and titles of journals originally appearing in the Latin alphabet are reproduced as such. Formerly this practice was followed both in the teirt of the Russian article and in the list of references at the end of it. Lately, however, the Latin spelling in the text has been abandoned but in the list of references and bibliographies it is retained. 

Results reported in secondary sources (publications reporting previously published results) were avoided in the present compilation, and attempts were made to access the primary source. This process often consisted of many steps, because what appeared to be a primary source often happened to be another secondary source. Secondary sources were chiefly used to acquire information about primary sources. The results from PhD theses, conference proceedings, and publications using non-Latin alphabets are often cited after secondary sources when the original source was not accessible or difficult to understand. It was not always easy to distinguish between primary and secondary sources. In a few papers, it was not clear if they reported an original pi I,), with the reference being cited only for a method, or if the reference was also cited for the value of pH,. Such problems could not be solved without inspection of the reference. 

A. Terms starting with a lower-case letter of the Latin alphabet... 

A. Terms Starting with a Lower-Case Letter of the Latin Alphabet... 

Of the two orthographies utilized in the literature, Rauvolfia versus Rauwolfia, the former is preferred in the present article because the letter w does not exist in the Latin alphabet. 

Initials Some foreign names are abbreviated with two-letter initials that reflect transliteration from a non-Latin alphabet Ch., Kh., Ph., Sh., Th., Ts., Ya., Ye., Yu., and Zh. 

When using the list of sjonbols, as is done in the following pages, the use of the same symbol for more than one concept is to be avoided. The Latin alphabet proves to be insufficient for this purpose, so that Greek letters have had to be added, whilst further variations have been made possible by the addition of suffixes [12]. 

Since the fi s are population values, to determine them exactly we would have to perform an infinite number of experiments. Obviously, the values that we calculate from the results of our eight experiments are only estimates of these values. Using the Latin alphabet for the symbols of the estimates, we may write... 

Algebra is a lot like arithmetic but deals with symbolic variables in addition to numbers. Very often these include x, y, and/or z, especially for unknown quantities, which is often your job to solve for. Earlier letters of the alphabet such d a,b,c... are often used for constants, quantities whose values are determined by assumed conditions before you solve a particular problem. Most Enghsh letters find use somewhere as either variables or constants. Remember that variables are case sensitive, so X designates a different quantity than X. As the number of mathematical symbols in a technical subject proliferate, the English (really Latin) alphabet becomes inadequate to name all the needed variables. So Greek letters have to be used in addition. Here are the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet ... 

One of the hypotheses explaining this is as follows. The word element originates from the letters of the Latin alphabet Z, m, n, and t which are pronounced as el - em - en - te (in Latin it is elementum ). Probably, producing the word element in this way the scientists wanted to emphasize that as words are composed of letters, different compounds can be represented as constituted by elements. Such interpretation is as simple as it is unexpected. There are other explanations as well but we shall not dwell on them. 

Because it relates the circle (featuring the Heaven in most traditions) to the square (featuring the Earth), and because it occurs in those simple mathematical expressions, the number n has fascinated scientists and mystics alike [62]. One of the main issues was whether its decimals are distributed at random or in a certain hidden order [60]. As there seems to be no reason why basis 10 should be privileged, the decimals were computed in many other bases, including 2 (400 billion decimals by Bellard in 1996), 3 to 9, 12, 15,20, 60, and even the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet and 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet. In several languages meaningful sentences are given to memorize... 

In the models of formal reaction kinetics, a species is called an internal species if its concentration change is important for the simulation of the reactimi system. These species are denoted by letters from the end of the Latin alphabet (X, Y, Z). The concentrations of the external species are either constant or change slowly in time (A and Ma) (pool chemical) or have no effect on the concentrations of the other species (P). 

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