Current understanding

Our current understanding of elementary reaction mechanisms is quite good Most of the fundamental reactions of organic chemistry have been scrutinized to the degree that we have a relatively clear picture of the intermediates that occur during the passage... 

Much of what we currently understand about the micromechanics of shock-induced plastic flow comes from macroscale measurement of wave profiles (sometimes) combined with pre- and post-shock microscopic investigation. This combination obviously results in nonuniqueness of interpretation. By this we mean that more than one micromechanical model can be consistent with all observations. In spite of these shortcomings, wave profile measurements can tell us much about the underlying micromechanics, and we describe here the relationship between the mesoscale and macroscale. 

Naturally, the pivotal role of protein folding in biophysics and biochemistry has yielded a very large body of research. In this chapter we focus primarily on the different theoretical and computational approaches that have contributed to the current understand-... 

The current understanding of the protein folding process has benefited much from studies that focus on computer simulations of simplified lattice models. These studies try to construct as simple a model as possible that will capture some of the more important properties of the real polypeptide chain. Once such a model is defined it can be explored and studied at a level of detail that is hard to achieve with more realistic (and thus more complex) atomistic models. 

Although the early reacbons of perfluoroaliphatic and aromatic lithium compounds with various carbonyl compounds gave low yields and mixtures of prod ucts, the current understanding of experimental conditions makes this reaction an attractive means of preparing a variety of fluonne-containmg compounds... 

Turbulence is generally understood to refer to a state of spatiotemporal chaos that is to say, a state in which chaos exists on all spatial and temporal scales. If the reader is unsatisfied with this description, it is perhaps because one of the many important open questions is how to rigorously define such a state. Much of our current understanding actually comes from hints obtained through the study of simpler dynamical systems, such as ordinary differential equations and discrete mappings (see chapter 4), which exhibit only temporal chaosJ The assumption has been that, at least for scenarios in which the velocity field fluctuates chaotically in time but remains relatively smooth in space, the underlying mechanisms for the onset of chaos in the simpler systems and the onset of the temporal turbulence in fluids are fundamentally the same. 

In this chapter we shall explore our current understanding of this behavior. We are guided in this exploration by a regularity presented in Chapter 6 and reproduced in Table 15-1. The... 

Vennekens R, Voets T, Bindels RJ et al (2002) Current understanding of mammalian TRP homologues. Cell Calcium 31 253-264... 

The current understanding on activation of Tec kinases fits into a two-step model. In the first step an intramolecular interaction between the SH3 domain and aproline-rich region in the TH domain is disrupted by binding ofthe PH domain to phosphoinositides, G protein subunits, or the FERM domain of Fak. These interactions lead to conformational changes of Tec and translocation to the cytoplasmic membrane where, in a second step, Src kinases phosphorylate a conserved tyrosine residue in the catalytic domain thereby increasing Tec kinase activity. Autophosphorylation of a tyrosine residue in the SH3 domain further prevents the inhibitory intramolecular interaction resulting in a robust Tec kinase activation. 

In this chapter, we review the interactions at the level of protein function, between opioid receptors and chemokine receptors, using both in vitro and in vivo model systems. As a part of this discussion, we also describe our current understanding of the biochemical pathway(s) that are involved in the heterologous desensitization process between these groups of receptors. 

Brajtburg J., Powderly W.G., Kobayashi G.S. Medoff G. (1990) Amphotericin B current understanding of mechamsm of action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 34, 183-188. 

A great deal of our current understanding of the structure and function of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria has come from studies with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The permeability barrier function of the outer membrane can... 

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