Process information system

Process controls and instrumentation only provide feedback for conditions within the process system. They do not report or control conditions outside the assumed process integrity limits. Fire and gas detection systems supplement process information systems with instrumentation that is located external to the process to warn of conditions that could be considered harmful if found outside the normal process environment. Fire and gas detection systems may be used to confirm the readings of major process releases or to report conditions that process instrumentation may not adequately report or be unable to report (i.e., minor process releases). 

Kontogiannis, T, and Embrey, D. (1997), A User-Centred Design Approach for Introducing Computer-Based Process Information Systems, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 109-119. 

The second important step is to set up the fink between knowledge management and the general organizational design areas, such as business processes, information systems, leadership, corporate culture, human resource management, and control (Hguie 28). 

The CSFs are permanently monitored using, on the one hand, specified individual parameters such as pressure, temperature and Uquid level and on the other hand using the PRISCA process information system that displays all CSFs graphically on monitors. The process information system also displays... 

If theories and methods presented in the book should to be successful in the practice, many prerequisites must be fulfilled. Typical example of the complexness of the problem can be regular (e.g. daily) balancing in process plants based on measured data. Chapter 13 deals with problems which can be encountered in regular balancing of mass and utilities in refinery and petrochemical complexex. The analysis of the problem is complemented by the experience gained during development and implementation of mass and utilities balancing with reconciliation in the framework of company s process information system. 

The modem process information system is shown in Fig. 2-9. The basis of the whole system is the core database of process variables. Typical variables which are stored in such database are flows, inventories, temperatures, laboratory data, etc. The other data needed for balancing are in a databank of physical properties needed for setting up energy balances. The system is based on a Local Area Network (LAN) which makes possible the use of the database by other software and plant staff (clients of the information system). 

It is advantageous if IBS is incorporated in the conq)any process information system from which it imports primary data. IBS then creates and maintains its own database of raw and reconciled data from which data can be exported to further processing. 

Systems, tools and processes Information systems, management and incentive systems, demand planning, supplier selection, new product introduction tools and procedures, supply chain noject management and cooperation procedures... 

This testing of the controller tuning presents an opportunity to re-identify the process model. Provide a computer-based model identification technique is applied then SP changes made to validate the tuning can also be analysed to determine the process dynamics. Since the data are likely to be collected routinely by the process information system, this re-evaluation takes little additional effort. 

Almost all chemical information systems work with tlicir own special type of connection table. They often use various formats distinguishing between internal and external connection tables. In most cases, the internal connection tables arc redundant, thus allowing maximum flexibility and increasing the speed of data processing. The external connection tables are usually non-redundant in order to save disk space. Although a connection table can be cprcsented in many different ways, the core remains the same the list of atoms and the list of bonds. Thus, the conversion of one connection table format into another is usually a fairly straightforward task. 

Kohonen networks, also known as self-organizing maps (SOMs), belong to the large group of methods called artificial neural networks. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are techniques which process information in a way that is motivated by the functionality of biological nervous systems. For a more detailed description see Section 9.5. 

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are information processing imits which process information in a way that is motivated by the functionality of the biological nervous system. Just as the brain consists of neurons which are connected with one another, an ANN comprises interrelated artificial neurons. The neurons work together to solve a given problem. 

Data system. Components used to record and process information during the analysis of a sample. The system includes a computer and an analog-to-digital conversion module as well as other control devices for data recording, storage, and manipulation. 

The earliest practical use of an expert system was made in the software named MYCIN for diagnosing a toxic poison from the symptoms of a patient and recommending the antidote (62). This type of activity is generally carried out by a human expert who processes information about a situation (in this case, symptoms of a patient), refers to the expert s experience and expert knowledge, and then recommends action (in this case, the antidote). 

Measurement Devices and Actuators Often referred to as level 0, this layer couples the control and information systems to the process. The measurement devices provide information on the cur-... 

Most tolls involve the transfer of proprietary information from one party to the other, typically from the client company to the toller. Each party should have maintained a log of transferred documents or software code to make the return of proprietary documents a simple matter. An initial list of the documents should have been referenced in the contract or as part of the technology package. Keeping records of additional documents transferred during the course of the toll will help eliminate confusion at the end of the project. The toller may need to retain documents appropriate for their process safety system needs. 

It is also possible to provide this protection in such relays. This will provide very vital system process information. A sudden drop in load may be the result of a fallout of the load due to disengagement of the coupling, breakage of a belt or a tool, etc. It can therefore help monitor the system process line more accurately. 

The standard requires appropriate scheduling to meet customer requirements that is supported by an information system that permits access to production information at the key stages of the process and is order driven. 

The first set of case studies illustrates errors due to the inadequate design of the human-machine interface (HMI). The HMI is the boundary across which information is transmitted between the process and the plant worker. In the context of process control, the HMI may consist of analog displays such as chart records and dials, or modem video display unit (VDU) based control systems. Besides display elements, the HMI also includes controls such as buttons and switches, or devices such as trackballs in the case of computer controlled systems. The concept of the HMI can also be extended to include all means of conveying information to the worker, including the labeling of control equipment components and chemical containers. Further discussion regarding the HMI is provided in Chapter 2. This section contains examples of deficiencies in the display of process information, in various forms of labeling, and the use of inappropriate instrumentation scales. 

Management policies are the source of many of the preconditions that give rise to systems failures. For example, if no explicit policy exists or if resources are not made available for safety critical areas such as procedures design, the effective presentation of process information, or for ensuring that effective communication systems exist, then human error leading to an accident is, at some stage, inevitable. Such policy failures can be regarded as another form of latent human error, and will be discussed in more detail in Section 2.7. 

This form of implanned manual operation is unsatisfactory on a number of counts. The fact that the operator may normally be insulated from the process by the automatic control systems means that he or she will probably not be able to develop the knowledge of process dynamics ("process feel") necessary to control the system manually, particularly in extreme conditions. Also, the fact that manual control was not "designed into" the systems at the outset may mean that the display of process information and the facilities for direct control are inadequate. A number of techniques are available to assist designers in the allocation of function process. Some of these are described in Meister (1985). In a paper entitled "Ironies of Automation" Bainbridge (1987) notes four areas where the changed role of the human in relation to an automated system can lead to potential problems. These will be discussed below. 

The term control panel refers to the instrumentation console in a central control room through which process information is communicated to the process worker and via which the worker changes the state of the process. This category includes display elements such as chart recorders, bar indicators, dials, and modem VDU-based systems together with control elements such as buttons, switches, track balls and mice. The control panel is the human-machine interface (see Chapter 2) that has traditionally received the most attention from human factors specialists. 

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