Solubility data

Synonym 1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylene Source Yamini, Y Bahramifar, N., J. Chem. Eng. Data (2000), 45(1), 53-56. 

Synonyms N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)aoetamide 4 -Hydroxyaoetanilide Source Bristow, S. Shekunov, B.Y. York, P. Ind. 

2 In the original artiole the solubility is written in mol but the primary author oonfirmed it mole fraotion . 

Observed saturation anomalies can thus be resolved into contributions from the effects described earlier as long as the data are sufficiently precise. In practice, the effects cannot be resolved as clearly as might be hoped, and, as noted by Craig and Weiss (1971), the resolution is quite sensitive to experimental uncertainties. 

The early geochemical literature concerned with noble gases in water relied heavily on the solubility data of Morrison and Johnstone (1954) for pure water and Konig (1963) for sea water. Subsequent and more accurate experimental data differ from these early standards by a few to several percent. 

Weiss (1970a) reviewed and evaluated the literature data then available for N2, 02, and Ar and fitted them to a smooth functional dependence. His results are reported in terms of the Bunsen coefficient j5, defined as the quantity of gas (in cm3 STP) dissolved in unit volume (1 cm3) under unit partial pressure (1 atm). Pure water data were fitted to an integrated van t Hoff equation  

Because of the salting out effect, gases are some 25% less soluble in sea water than in fresh water (Table 4.4). The effect is often rendered in terms of the Setchenow relation 

Combining relations (4.2) and (4.3) and scaling the temperature, Weiss (1970a) fitted the data to 

The gas-volumetric technique was combined with conductivity and viscosity measurements by Copeland and co-workers.Burkhard and Corbett ) also used the volumetric method to determine the solubility of HCl and HgO in LiCl-KCl melts. This technique was also adopted by Bratland et in their work on the solubilities of CO2 shown in Table I. The technique appears to be sensitive and should give accurate results provided that the temperature gradients along the gas-volumetric column are kept constant. 

A summary of solubility data for inert gases in fused salts is given in Table II, where the units are those used by the various authors. Solubilities in these systems which are characterized by low reactivity should be described as physical.  

Solubilities of reactive gases in fused salts are also included in Table I, and are expressed in the units chosen by the various authors. 

The solubility of Fg gas in chloride melts is high because of the displacement and complexing reaction ) 

The solubility of CO2 in alkali fluoride melts may be attributed to a reaction, as the product COFg was found to be present in the gas phase. 

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Presents solubility data for gas-liquid, solid-solid, and liquid-liquid systems. 

For all calculations reported here, binary parameters from VLE data were obtained using the principle of maximum likelihood as discussed in Chapter 6, Binary parameters for partially miscible pairs were obtained from mutual-solubility data alone. 

To illustrate the criterion for parameter estimation, let 1, 2, and 3 represent the three components in a mixture. Components 1 and 2 are only partially miscible components 1 and 3, as well as components 2 and 3 are totally miscible. The two binary parameters for the 1-2 binary are determined from mutual-solubility data and remain fixed. Initial estimates of the four binary parameters for the two completely miscible binaries, 1-3 and 2-3, are determined from sets of binary vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data. The final values of these parameters are then obtained by fitting both sets of binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data simultaneously with the limited ternary tie-line data. 

VL = vapor-liquid equilibrium data MS = mutual solubility data AZ = azeotropic data... 

The data refer to various temperatures between 18 and 25°C, and were compiled from values cited by Bjerrum, Schwarzenbach, and Sillen, Stability Constants of Metal Complexes, part II, Chemical Society, London, 1958, and values taken from publications of the lUPAC Solubility Data Project Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979-1992 H. L. Clever, and F. J. Johnston, J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data, 9 751 (1980) Y. Marcus, Ibid. 9 1307 (1980) H. L. Clever, S. A. Johnson, and M. E. Derrick, Ibid. 14 631 (1985), and 21 941 (1992). 

A. S. Kertes and co-workers. Solubility Data Series, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1979. 

Hydrogen Chloride-Organic Compound Systems. The solubihty of hydrogen chloride in many solvents follows Henry s law. Notable exceptions are HCl in polyhydroxy compounds such as ethylene glycol (see Glycols), which have characteristics similar to those of water. Solubility data of hydrogen chloride in various organic solvents are Hsted in Table 10. 

Solubility. Solubility data of amino acids are given in Table 3. In all instances there are at least two polar groups, acting synergistically on the solubility in water. The solubility of amino acids having additional polar groups, eg, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NH2, is even more enhanced. 

Much more extensive solubility data at various temperatures is givea ia Refereace 15. ... 

Solubility data can be found ia a variety of units, and conversion from one set of units to another often is requited before computation of yield can be performed. Guides to such conversions are available. It is often most convenient, however, to express solubiUty and compositions ia mixed streams ia terms of mass ratios, ie, mass of solute per mass of solvent. 

Selection of Solubility Data Solubility values determine the liquid rate necessaiy for complete or economic solute recoveiy and so are essential to design. Equihbrium data generally will be found in one of three forms (1) solubility data expressed either as solubility in weight or mole percent or as Heniy s-law coefficients, (2) pure-component vapor pressures, or (3) equilibrium distribution coefficients (iC values). Data for specific systems may be found in Sec. 2 additional references to sources of data are presented in this section. 

There are numerous solubility data in the literature the standard reference is by Seidell (loc. cit.). Valuable as they are, they nevertheless must be used with caution because the solubihty of compounds is often influenced by pH and/or the presence of other soluble impurities which usually tend to depress the solubihty of the major constituents. While exact values for any system are frequently best determined by actual composition measurements, the difficulty of reproducing these solubility diagrams should not be underestimated. To obtain data which are readily reproducible, elaborate pains must be taken to be sure the system sampled is at equihbrium, and often this means holding a sample at constant temperature for a period of from 1 to 100 h. While the published cui ves may not be exac t for actual solutions of interest, they generally will be indicative of the shape of the solubility cui ve and will show the presence of hydrates or double salts. 

An easy to use nomograph has been developed for the solubility of liquid hydrocarbons in water at ambient conditions (25°C). The accuracy of the nomograph has been checked against available solubility data. Performance of the nomograph has been compared with the predictions given by two available analytical correlations. The nomograph is much simpler to use and far more accurate than either of the analytical methods. 

Therefore, if the solubility data for a substance are known, it is a simple matter to calculate the potential yield of pure crystals that could be obtained from batch crystallization (equations 7.4 and 7.6). Conversely, the degree of evaporation to produce a specified yield may be estimated (equation 7.8). 

The use of the Hammett equation has also been extended to several new types of applications. Since these are not germane to the subject matter of the present chapter, we wiU simply mention work on applications to ethylenic and acetylenic compounds the various applications to physical properties, such as infrared frequencies and intensities, ultraviolet spectra, polarographic half-wave potentials, dipole moments,NMR and NQR spectra,and solubility data and applications to preparative data and biological activity. 

Reference 71 has excellent solubility data and absorption curves for the system. 

Consider the following solubility data for calcium oxalate (CaQOJ ... 

The forces between molecules are strongly affected by the presence of molecular dipoles. Two molecules that possess molecular dipoles tend to attract each other more strongly than do molecules without dipoles. One of the most important results of this is found in solvent properties. Table 17-IV shows some solubility data of... 

The following examples illustrate the method of calculating solubility products from solubility data and also the reverse procedure. 

Other solubility data from various sources quoted in AMCP 706-177 are shown on the following page ... 

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