Incomplete

This approach to synthesis is one of making a series of best local decisions. Equipment is added only if it can be justified economically on the basis of the information available, albeit an incomplete picture. This keeps the structure irreducible, and features which are technically or economically redundant are not included. 

Incomplete conversion in the reactor requires a recycle for unreacted feed... 

However, in the early stages of design, decisions that have important safety implications must be made based on an incomplete picture. Let us explore simple quantitative measures which can be used to assist decision making in the early stages of design. 

When synthesizing a flowsheet, these criteria are applied at various stages when there is an incomplete picture. Hence it is usually not possible to account for all the fixed and variable costs listed above. Also, there is little point in calculating taxes until a complete picture of operating costs and cash flows has been established. 

The co-ordination number in ionic compounds is determined by the radius ratio - a measure of the necessity to minimize cationic contacts. More subtle effects are the Jahn-Teller effect (distortions due to incomplete occupancy of degenerate orbitals) and metal-metal bonding. 

The hydrocarbons are separated in another column and analyzed by a flame ionization detector, FID. As an example, Figure 3.13 shows the separation obtained for a propane analyzed according to the ISO 7941 standard. Note that certain separations are incomplete as in the case of ethane-ethylene. A better separation could be obtained using an alumina capillary column, for instance. 

Note that styrenes are believed to react incompletely with the anhydride. 

The gasoline end point should not exceed a given value, currently established for Europe at 215°C. In fact the presence of too-heavy fractions leads to incomplete combustion and to a number of accompanying problems ... 

The diesel engine operates, inherently by its concept, at variable fuel-air ratio. One easily sees that it is not possible to attain the stoichiometric ratio because the fuel never diffuses in an ideal manner into the air for an average equivalence ratio of 1.00, the combustion chamber will contain zones that are too rich leading to incomplete combustion accompanied by smoke and soot formation. Finally, at full load, the overall equivalence ratio... 

There are, however, technological means available to burn incompletely desulfurized fuels at the same time minimizing SO2 emissions. In the auto-desulfurizing AUDE boiler developed by IFF, the effluent is treated in place by an absorbent based on lime and limestone calcium sulfate is obtained. This system enables a gas desulfurization of 80% it requires nevertheless a relatively large amount of solid material, on the order of 200 kg per ton of fuel. 

While quenched steel with carbon above 0,6%, the temperature of the end martensite transformation is below zero, thus the transformation of austenite into martensite is incomplete and this remaining cooled austenite is called residual austenite. 

Construction of expert systems is facilitated if it is possible (at least approximately) to describe (model) expected signal from defect and non-defect pieces. If no models for the problem are available then the knowledge about the problem has to be acquired from an expert (the NDT inspector). However, the knowledge possessed by the expert is often incomplete and not well formalised, which makes knowledge acquisition a difficult task for the knowledge engineer. 

The algebraic methods of reconstruction give result at incomplete and complete set of initial projection data. But the iterative imhlementation of these methods requires large computing resources. Algebraic method can be used in cases, when the required accuracy is not great. 

In this figure one can clearly see an image of a weld defective area with a superimposed groove defectometer Fe2 4 mm thick. The depth of a minimum groove was 0,5 mm. One can clearly see a groove 0,2 mm deep, which corresponds to sensitivity less than 2% Both incomplete root penetration and metal weld beads can be clearly seen in the image. 

From tests with Level-2-inspectors [2, 3] we learn that 10 % of the errors in weld testing are caused hy too fast probe movements (indications are missed or overlooked), 34 % by too strong coupling variations (underestimation of indications) or coupling failures and 56 % by incomplete scanning (untested areas). 

Actual crystal planes tend to be incomplete and imperfect in many ways. Nonequilibrium surface stresses may be relieved by surface imperfections such as overgrowths, incomplete planes, steps, and dislocations (see below) as illustrated in Fig. VII-5 [98, 99]. The distribution of such features depends on the past history of the material, including the presence of adsorbing impurities [100]. Finally, for sufficiently small crystals (1-10 nm in dimension), quantum-mechanical effects may alter various physical (e.g., optical) properties [101]. 

In the presence of some fomi of relaxation the equations of motion must be supplemented by a temi involving a relaxation superoperator—superoperator because it maps one operator into another operator. The literature on the correct fomi of such a superoperator is large, contradictory and incomplete. In brief, the extant theories can be divided into two kinds, those without memory relaxation (Markovian) Tp and those with memory... 

In a weak electrolyte (e.g. an aqueous solution of acetic acid) the solute molecules AB are incompletely dissociated into ions and according to the familiar chemical equation... 

In electron spin echo relaxation studies, the two-pulse echo amplitude, as a fiinction of tire pulse separation time T, gives a measure of the phase memory relaxation time from which can be extracted if Jj-effects are taken into consideration. Problems may arise from spectral diflfrision due to incomplete excitation of the EPR spectrum. In this case some of the transverse magnetization may leak into adjacent parts of the spectrum that have not been excited by the MW pulses. Spectral diflfrision effects can be suppressed by using the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence, which is also well known in NMR. The experiment involves using a sequence of n-pulses separated by 2r and can be denoted as [7i/2-(x-7i-T-echo) J. A series of echoes separated by lx is generated and the decay in their amplitudes is characterized by Ty. ... 

Figure Bl.18.2. Diffraction figure of a grating If only the zeroth-order beam were collected by the lens, only a bright area would be visible without any stnicture indicating the presence of the grating. If the zeroth- and ifirst-order beams are collected, as indicated in the figure, the grating can be observed, albeit with incomplete object fidelity.

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