Propane incomplete combustion

Chemical/Physical. Incomplete combustion of propane in the presence of excess hydrogen chloride resulted in a high number of different chlorinated compounds including, but not limited to alkanes, alkenes, monoaromatics, alicyclic hydrocarbons, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Without hydrogen chloride, 13 nonchlorinated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were formed (Eklund et al, 1987). 

If you burn a fuel, such as propane, in a barbecue, you want complete combustion to occur. Complete combustion ensures that you are getting maximum efficiency from the barbecue. More importantly, toxic gases can result from incomplete combustion combustion that occurs when not enough oxygen is present. During incomplete combustion, other products (besides carbon dioxide and water) can form. The equation below shows the incomplete combustion of propane. Note that unburned carbon, C(s), and carbon monoxide, C0(g), are produced as well as carbon dioxide and water. 

Exposure to this colorless, odorless gas is via inhalation. Most exposures result from incomplete combustion, especially the emissions created by internal combustion engines. Other sources include the burning of wood, charcoal, or natural gas or propane for... 

When a propane heater, fireplace, or woodstove is used in a closed room, there must be adequate ventilation. If the supply of oxygen is limited, incomplete combustion from burning gas, oil, or wood produces carbon monoxide. The incomplete combustion of methane in natural gas is written... 

Exposures to the chemical carbon monoxide (CO) can be very significant in a warehouse environment. Carbon monoxide is the by-product of the incomplete combustion of any material containing carbon such as gasoline, natural gas, oil, propane, coal, or wood. CO is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that can cause harm without warning. Unintended exposure to CO in the United States claims more than 800 lives each year. The Centers for Disease Control identified 11,547 CO deaths from 1979 to 1988. Some 40 percent of all CO poisonings occur at work sites, may of which are warehouses, states the National Safety Council. 

The explosion efficiency is one of the major problems in the equivalency method. The explosion efficiency is used to adjust the estimate for a number of factors, including incomplete mixing with air of the combustible material and incomplete conversion of the thermal energy to mechanical energy. The explosion efficiency is empirical, with most flammable cloud estimates varying between 1 % and 10%, as reported by a number of sources. Others have reported 5%, 10%, and 15% for flammable clouds of propane, diethyl ether, and acetylene, respectively. Explosion efficiencies can also be defined for solid materials, such as ammonium nitrate. 

Crude natural gas or refinery gas usually shows presence of considerable amounts of light hydrocarbons (LHC) such as ethane and propane. Fuels with higher C/H ratios could result in incomplete fuel oxidation (combustion) and formation of solid carbon due to pyrolysis. Both effects can directly affect the combustion efficiency and carbon capture in CLC and are hence critical for the overall process efficiency. However, to date, this topic has found very little attention. 

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