Incomplete Fractures

Smith, J.E. "Effect of Incomplete Fracture Fill-Up at the Wellbore on Productivity Ratio" Proc. Annu. Southwest. Pet. Short Course, April 1975, 135-144. 

A complete fracture occurs when there is discontinuity between two or more bone fragments, while with incomplete fractures, a portion of the cortex remains intact. Incomplete fractures are common in children due to the increased elasticity of the bone. Greenstick and buckle fall into the group of incomplete fractures. 

These are incomplete fractures with no disruption of the pelvic ring. Type A1 are avulsion fractures which commonly occur in athletic teenagers. The avulsion may be from the anterior-superior iliac spine, caused by sudden contraction of Sartorious, anterior-inferior ischial spine (rectus femoris insertion), and the pubic tubercle (pectineus insertion). 

Stability of the fracture is dependent on whether the lateral condyle has an intact articular cartilage hinge. This is not evident on radiograph and whilst MR imaging has been used to demonstrate the fracture line and distinguish between complete and incomplete fractures, this is not usually indicated in normal practice (Horn et al. 2002). 

Nature provides different types of mechanisms to repair fractures in order to be able to cope with different mechanical environments about a fracture [Hulth, 1989 Schenk, 1992]. For example, incomplete fractures (cracks), which only allow micromotion between the fracture fragments, heal with a small amount of fracture-line callus, known as primary healing. In contrast, complete fractures which are unstable, and therefore generate macromotion, heal with a voluminous callus stemming from the sides of the bone, known as secondary healing [Brighton, 1984 Hulth, 1989]. 

Breaking injuries These injuries are generally associated with machines used for deforming various types of engineering materials. A break in a bone is referred to as a fracture. In turn, fracture is classified into categories such as incomplete fracture, simple fracture, compound fracture, transverse fracture, complete fracture, oblique fracture, and comminuted fracture. 

The NDT temperature for A-55 titanium was measured at ORNL on several plates and found to be below —200°C. Incomplete fractures were found at this temperature for both longitudinal and transverse specimens. 

Corrosion likelihood describes the expected corrosion rates or the expected extent of corrosion effects over a planned useful life [14]. Accurate predictions of corrosion rates are not possible, due to the incomplete knowledge of the parameters of the system and, most of all, to the stochastic nature of local corrosion. Figure 4-3 gives schematic information on the different states of corrosion of extended objects (e.g., buried pipelines) according to the concepts in Ref. 15. The arrows represent the current densities of the anode and cathode partial reactions at a particular instant. It must be assumed that two narrowly separated arrows interchange with each other periodically in such a way that they exist at both fracture locations for the same amount of time. The result is a continuous corrosion attack along the surface. 

Morphology of the cured samples was analyzed by SEM of the fractured samples etched with tetrohydrofuran (THE), which is a solvent for the rubber. Figure 11.24 shows the fracture surfaces of the PWE and PNE specimens. Whereas the PWE fracture surface presents an essentially homogeneous surface with only a few small voids present, small yet uniformly distributed cavities are seen in PNE samples. The PWE morphology is consistent with the high degree of intermolecular link between rubber and epoxy macromolecules. The PNE morphology indicates incomplete reaction between epoxy and rubber. 

Factors that make a stent strut vulnerable, which may lead to thrombosis, jailing side branches, or breakage of the struts, include the following polymer/drug coating dissolution, incomplete apposition, stent fracture, and overlap region,... 

Unlike osteomalacia, there is no defect of bone mineralization in osteoporosis. The lower density of the bone renders it more susceptible to fracture, whereas in osteomalacia the incompletely mineralized bone matrix is liable to deformation rather than fracture. 

Unknown laryngeal fracture or incomplete airway transection. 

Cracking The complete or incomplete separation of concrete into two or more parts as a result of breaking or fracturing. 

In pelite 466457 a large garnet comprises an inner zone that is relatively free of inclusions sinrounded by a later generation of garnet with a crescent shape making an incomplete outer rim. This outer rim is strongly fractured and is partially altered to biotite. The innermost part of the inner zone contains abundant small quartz and calcite inclusions (Fig. 6b). 

In most cases, adhesion fractures are a sign of insufficient surface pretreatment. In the case of mixed fractures, the reason is to be seen, with high probability, in an incomplete or uneven degreasing. The neglected degreasing after blasting can also be seen as a cause, if the compressed air has not been absolutely fat-free. A cohesion fracture may be the consequence of an adhesive layer not completely cured or of the application of an inadequate adhesive mix. 

Karger-Kocsis and Varga determined the plane stress We and (3wp values of (3-PP using SEN and DENT specimens with dimensions of 100 mm x 35 mm x 1mm under tensile mode (24,25). Figure 11.34a and b shows typical load-displacement curves for the a-PP and (3-PP SEN specimens with different ligament lengths. Selfsimilarity in the shape of the load-displacement curves for the a-PP is not maintained when L > 15 mm. At this stage, the samples fail with fast fracture due to an incomplete development of the plastic zone. The EWE approach becomes invalid for the a-PP. By contrast, the (3-PP specimens show more ductile behavior as evidenced by nonlinearity in the force-displacement curves. The specific total fracture work... 

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