Carbon from incomplete combustion

Synthetic oil is feasible and can be produced from coal or natural gas via synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained from incomplete combustion of coal or natural gas). However, these are themselves nonrenewable resources. Coal conversion was used in Germany during World War II by hydrogenation or. 

The second example of an air pollutant that affects the total body burden is carbon monoxide (CO). In addihon to CO in ambient air, there are other sources for inhalation. People who smoke have an elevated CO body burden compared to nonsmokers. Individuals indoors may be exposed to elevated levels of CO from incomplete combustion in heating or cooking stoves. CO gas enters the human body by inhalation and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream the total body burden resides in the circulatory system. The human body also produces CO by breakdown of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin breakdown gives every individual a baseline level of CO in the circulatory system. As the result of these factors, the body burden can fluctuate over a time scale of hours. 

Unlike carbon dioxide and water that are the inevitable by products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons, species such as carbon monoxide, ethene, toluene, and formaldehyde can be emitted because combustion has been interrupted before completion. Many factors lead to emissions from incomplete combustion. Emitted unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are regulated pollutants that must be eliminated. In automobiles with spark ignited engines, these emissions are almost entirely removed by the catalytic converter. 

Carbon deposits resulting from incomplete combustion. Sootblowers ... 

Unfortunately, most fatalities in fires occur by inhalation of toxic vapours. These can be carbon monoxide (which arises from incomplete combustion), cyanides (from nitrogen-containing polymers) and chlorides (from chloropoly-mers). These are the adverse consequences of flammable polymer combustion. They can be overcome by using breathing apparatus, face masks, etc. 

Source Hexachlorobenzene may enter the environment from incomplete combustion of chlorinated compounds including mirex, kepone, chlorobenzenes, pentachlorophenol, PVC, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlorinated solvents (Ahling et al., 1978 Dellinger et al., 1991). In addition, hexachlorobenzene may enter the environment as a reaction by-product in the production of carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethylene, hexachlorobutadiene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloro-ethylene, pentachloronitrobenzene, and vinyl chloride monomer (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), of widespread occurrence in the environment, result from incomplete combustion of carbon- and hydrogen-containing substances. Many PAHs are well-recognized carcinogens and mutagens. Several industrial processes, such as fossil fuel conversion and production of aluminium and ferroalloys, can produce PAHs and result in their occurence in the working environment. 

Another important application of heterogeneous catalysts is in automobile catalytic converters. Despite much work on engine design and fuel composition, automotive exhaust emissions contain air pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide. Carbon monoxide results from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and nitric oxide is produced when atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen combine at the high temperatures present in an... 

CO Carbon monoxide—exhaust emission resulting from incomplete combustion and/or fuel-rich combustion. 

Carbon monoxide sensor. Carbon monoxide is a toxic air pollutant originating from incomplete combustion of fuels in burners or engines. Despite a strong demand for a very reliable carbon monoxide sensor, the only available sensor was based on an electrochemical type until recently. In this type sensor, selectivity and sensitivity for CO can often be enhanced by selecting elecrode materials and electrode potential appropriately, but several disadvantages are encountered, such as, short life, difficult maintenance and a rather expensive price. 

Carbon monoxide is a clear, tasteless, odorless gas that is produced from incomplete combustion. Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause headaches fatigue dizziness nausea permanent damage to the brain, central nervous system, and heart and even death by reducing the amount of oxygen red blood cells carry. Infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with heart or respiratory problems are most susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning. Because you can t see, smell, or taste carbon monoxide, it has to be tested for with a monitor or an alarm, which are now legally required in many states. 

Smoke Small gas-bome particles created from incomplete combustion of a variety of materials essentially consists of carbon and other combustible materials. 

If you burn a fuel, such as propane, in a barbecue, you want complete combustion to occur. Complete combustion ensures that you are getting maximum efficiency from the barbecue. More importantly, toxic gases can result from incomplete combustion combustion that occurs when not enough oxygen is present. During incomplete combustion, other products (besides carbon dioxide and water) can form. The equation below shows the incomplete combustion of propane. Note that unburned carbon, C(s), and carbon monoxide, C0(g), are produced as well as carbon dioxide and water. 

Carbon (or carbon monoxide) resulting from incomplete combustion during the fire serves as the reducing agent ... 

Section VII Colouring/De-colouring Recommended no colouring or de-colouring agents are recommended Tolerated natural active carbon Prohibited all colouring agents and carbon black from incomplete combustion of combustible fossils... 

From incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds brain neurotransmitter formed by heme oxygenase (HO) type H02 motor vehicle exhaust CO used in mass murder of Jews in Second World War SS Einsatzgruppen mobile gas chambers... 

Carbon monoxide (= CO) From incomplete combustion of Hb (forms cherry-red C(J-Hb... 

One group of exclusively terrestrially derived organic components found in marine sediments which has been the subject of renewed interest in recent years are the carbonaceous particles from incomplete combustion processes. These products, collectively termed black carbon (Goldberg, 1985), are ubiquitous in the environment, and... 

The just-mentioned problems are related to the typical emissions from most combustion processes carbon monoxide (CO) and unbumed hydrocarbons (UHC), both resulting from incomplete combustion, and nitrogen oxides (NO = NO 4- NO2). NO may be... 

Carbon monoxide is one of the three most common products of fuel combustion, carbon dioxide and water vapor are the other two. Most of the CO in the atmosphere results from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. 

Long smoky flames result from incomplete combustion and can consume far more fuel than is necessary. These "lazy" flames may appear hazy rather than bright and clear. They produce unburned carbon, which is not cost-effective. When the operator sees this condition, he or she can provide more air to each burner and then ensure that this air mixes quickly and completely with the fuel to achieve rapid combustion. (See Figure 16.11 flames in smoking condition.)... 

Carbon particles resulting from incomplete combustion of the fuel. 

Small gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete combustion, consisting predominantly of carbon and other combustible material, and present in sufficient quantity to be observable independently of the presence of other solids. D, 0.01 /xm. 

The toxicity of the smoke gasses results mainly from incomplete combustion of the carbon to carbon monoxide. 

Smoke Smoke is carbon or soot particles, generally less than 0.1 pm in size. Smoke results from incomplete combustion of materials containing carbon. 

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