Carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion

When a propane heater, fireplace, or woodstove is used in a closed room, there must be adequate ventilation. If the supply of oxygen is limited, incomplete combustion from burning gas, oil, or wood produces carbon monoxide. The incomplete combustion of methane in natural gas is written... 

Synthetic oil is feasible and can be produced from coal or natural gas via synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained from incomplete combustion of coal or natural gas). However, these are themselves nonrenewable resources. Coal conversion was used in Germany during World War II by hydrogenation or. 

This is not the case in most fires where some oi the intermediate produces, formed when large, complex molecules are broken up, persist. Examples are hydrogen cyanide from wool and silk, acrolein from vegetable oils, acetic acid from timber or paper, and carbon or carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. As the fire develops and becomes hotter, many of these intermediates, which are often toxic, are destroyed—for example, hydrogen cyanide is decomposed at about 538°C (1000°F). 

The second example of an air pollutant that affects the total body burden is carbon monoxide (CO). In addihon to CO in ambient air, there are other sources for inhalation. People who smoke have an elevated CO body burden compared to nonsmokers. Individuals indoors may be exposed to elevated levels of CO from incomplete combustion in heating or cooking stoves. CO gas enters the human body by inhalation and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream the total body burden resides in the circulatory system. The human body also produces CO by breakdown of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin breakdown gives every individual a baseline level of CO in the circulatory system. As the result of these factors, the body burden can fluctuate over a time scale of hours. 

Unlike carbon dioxide and water that are the inevitable by products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons, species such as carbon monoxide, ethene, toluene, and formaldehyde can be emitted because combustion has been interrupted before completion. Many factors lead to emissions from incomplete combustion. Emitted unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are regulated pollutants that must be eliminated. In automobiles with spark ignited engines, these emissions are almost entirely removed by the catalytic converter. 

Unfortunately, most fatalities in fires occur by inhalation of toxic vapours. These can be carbon monoxide (which arises from incomplete combustion), cyanides (from nitrogen-containing polymers) and chlorides (from chloropoly-mers). These are the adverse consequences of flammable polymer combustion. They can be overcome by using breathing apparatus, face masks, etc. 

Carbon monoxide is produced when carbon and carbon compounds undergo incomplete combustion. The inefficient combustion of carbon fuels for heating results in the production of carbon monoxide, which may result in high CO concentrations in indoor environments. The use of carbon fuel heaters without adequate ventilation can result in deadly conditions. Each year several hundred people in the United States die from CO poisoning, and 10,000 patients are treated in hospitals for CO exposure. Most of these cases result from faulty heating systems, but barbeques, water heaters, and camping equipment (stoves, lanterns) are also sources of CO. 

Another important application of heterogeneous catalysts is in automobile catalytic converters. Despite much work on engine design and fuel composition, automotive exhaust emissions contain air pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide. Carbon monoxide results from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and nitric oxide is produced when atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen combine at the high temperatures present in an... 

CO Carbon monoxide—exhaust emission resulting from incomplete combustion and/or fuel-rich combustion. 

Carbon monoxide sensor. Carbon monoxide is a toxic air pollutant originating from incomplete combustion of fuels in burners or engines. Despite a strong demand for a very reliable carbon monoxide sensor, the only available sensor was based on an electrochemical type until recently. In this type sensor, selectivity and sensitivity for CO can often be enhanced by selecting elecrode materials and electrode potential appropriately, but several disadvantages are encountered, such as, short life, difficult maintenance and a rather expensive price. 

Carbon monoxide is a clear, tasteless, odorless gas that is produced from incomplete combustion. Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause headaches fatigue dizziness nausea permanent damage to the brain, central nervous system, and heart and even death by reducing the amount of oxygen red blood cells carry. Infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with heart or respiratory problems are most susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning. Because you can t see, smell, or taste carbon monoxide, it has to be tested for with a monitor or an alarm, which are now legally required in many states. 

If you burn a fuel, such as propane, in a barbecue, you want complete combustion to occur. Complete combustion ensures that you are getting maximum efficiency from the barbecue. More importantly, toxic gases can result from incomplete combustion combustion that occurs when not enough oxygen is present. During incomplete combustion, other products (besides carbon dioxide and water) can form. The equation below shows the incomplete combustion of propane. Note that unburned carbon, C(s), and carbon monoxide, C0(g), are produced as well as carbon dioxide and water. 

Carbon (or carbon monoxide) resulting from incomplete combustion during the fire serves as the reducing agent ... 

Carbon monoxide (= CO) From incomplete combustion of Hb (forms cherry-red C(J-Hb... 

The just-mentioned problems are related to the typical emissions from most combustion processes carbon monoxide (CO) and unbumed hydrocarbons (UHC), both resulting from incomplete combustion, and nitrogen oxides (NO = NO 4- NO2). NO may be... 

Carbon monoxide is one of the three most common products of fuel combustion, carbon dioxide and water vapor are the other two. Most of the CO in the atmosphere results from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. 

The major part of the flame, the secondary combustion zone, consists of the burned gas mixture, which extends around and above the intercone. By molecular or turbulent diffusion, oxygen and nitrogen from the surrounding air penetrate into the flame, oxidizing carbon monoxide from the interconal gases to carbon dioxide, with weak emission of blue-violet light. This outer cone is more distinct when the primary combustion is incomplete (that is, in a fuel-rich flame). Under these conditions, the edge of the outer cone may actually be hotter than the interior of the flame. 

The toxicity of the smoke gasses results mainly from incomplete combustion of the carbon to carbon monoxide. 

PGM catalyst technology can also be appHed to the control of emissions from stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Catalysts have been designed to treat carbon monoxide, unbumed hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust, which arise as a result of incomplete combustion. To reduce or prevent the formation of NO in the first place, catalytic combustion technology based on platinum or palladium has been developed, which is particularly suitable for appHcation in gas turbines. Environmental legislation enacted in many parts of the world has promoted, and is expected to continue to promote, the use of PGMs in these appHcations. 

The characterization of PIC (products of incomplete combustion) from the combustion of wood treated with pentachlorophenol (penta) is more widely documented in the open literature than creosote alone. However, both products are similar in chemical composition and likely result in comparable forms and concentrations of PIC. Literature reported studies on the combustion of these chemicals and wood treated by them, and the PIC generated are based upon optimal conditions. Optimal conditions are defined as those in which the fuel burns at the designed heat release rate with nominally 160% excess air and a low level (< 100 ppm) of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in combustion (flue) gases. 

Seif-TeS I 6.13A Gasoline, which contains octane, may burn to carbon monoxide if the air supply is restricted. Determine the standard reaction enthalpy for the incomplete combustion of liquid octane in air to carbon monoxide gas and liquid water from the standard reaction enthalpies for the combustions of octane and carbon monoxide ... 

Carbon monoxide (CO) Is one of the most widely distributed air pollutants. It Is formed by natural biological and oxidation processes, the Incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels and various Industrial processes. However, the largest Individual source of man-made emissions Is motor vehicle exhausts which account for virtually all CO emitted In some urban environments. It has been estimated that global man-made emissions range from 300-1600 million tons per year, which Is approximately 60% of the total global CO emissions (22-23). 

The stable gases produced by incineration are primarily carbon dioxide and water. Depending on waste composition, however, small quantities of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, HC1, and other gases may form. Also, if combustion is not complete, compounds known as products of incomplete combustion (PICs) may be emitted. RCRA regulations control the amount of HC1 released from the APCD. 

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