Important product classes

Face cleansing Face care Shaving materials washing lotions, peeling, eye make up remover, face water, cleaning wipes and pads, day and night creams, lotions, masks, pre- and after-shaves, shaving soaps. 

Body cleansing Body care Intimate body care Foot care products shower and foam baths, bath accessories, soap bars, liquid soaps, creams, lotions, oils, hair-removers, wash lotions, deodorants, creams, lotions, deodorants. 

Sun protection and care products emulsions, gels, oils, lipstick, after-sun emulsions and gels. 

Deodorants and Antiperspirants emulsions, powders, sticks, sprays. 

Oral and dental care products toothpastes, creams, mouthwashes. 

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For surface sizing mostly polymeric sizing agents are used. The most important product classes are acryhc copolymer dispersions stabilised by protective colloids. The particles of the sizing agent consist of a hydrophobic polymer core and a hydrophilic shell formed out of the protective colloid. 

The most important product classes of polymer dispersions are butadiene-styrene copolymers, vinyl acetate homopolymers and copolymers, and polyacrylates. Other polymer dispersions contain copolymers of ethylene, styrene, vinyl ester, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, chloroprene and polyurethane (Fig. 1-9). 

Halogen-substituted succinimides are a class of products with important appHcations. /V-Bromosuccinimide [128-08-5] mp 176—177°C, is the most important product ia this group, and is prepared by addition of bromine to a cold aqueous solution of succinimide (110,111) or by reaction of succinimide with NaBr02 iu the presence of HBr (112). It is used as a bromination and oxidation agent ia the synthesis of cortisone and other hormones. By its use it is possible to obtain selective bromine substitution at methylene groups adjacent to double bonds without addition reactions to the double bond (113). 

Consumption. Anthraquinone dyes are the most important dye class after azo dyes. Wodd textile production is estimated in Table 14. Estimates of the consumption of dyes for textiles ate given in Figure 14, together with the figures for fiber consumption. This shows that the consumption of each dye class or classes is approximately parallel to the consumption of fibers to which they ate apphed. 

The important hydrocarbon classes are alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenates. The first three classes are generally released to the atmosphere, whereas the fourth class, the oxygenates, is generally formed in the atmosphere. Propene will be used to illustrate the types of reactions that take place with alkenes. Propene reactions are initiated by a chemical reaction of OH or O3 with the carbon-carbon double bond. The chemical steps that follow result in the formation of free radicals of several different types which can undergo reaction with O2, NO, SO2, and NO2 to promote the formation of photochemical smog products. 

The following discussion is primarily based upon EN6I000-3-2, which is more industrial-based products. EN60555 is the newer version of IEC-555 and covers the emitted harmonics of household products. Knowing the product class is very important for designing the power factor interface for the ac line. Products that draw less than 75 W today and 50 W in the near future, do not have to comply with the relative limits, only to absolute maximums laid out by the specifications. The limits presented in Table C-I may change, so please refer to the latest... 

Table 4 gives a rough overview of the variation possibilities in these product classes. Products with a second succinic ester moiety gained particular importance in various application fields [56,57]. 

No systematic studies of a number of compoimds have yet appeared to discover correlations suggestive of mechanism. This paper presents the fractional conversions and reaction rates measured under reference conditions (50 mg contaminants/m ) in air at 7% relative humidity (1000 mg/m H2O), for 18 compounds including representatives of the important contaminant classes of alcohols, ethers, alkanes, chloroethenes, chloroalkanes, and aromatics. Plots of these conversions and rates vs. hydroxyl radical and chlorine radical rate constants, vs. the reactant coverage (dark conditions), and vs. the product of rate constant times coverage are constructed to discern which of the proposed mechanistic suggestions appear dominant. 

In Chapters 3-6, the commercially important chemical classes of dyes and pigments are discussed in terms of their essential structural features and the principles of their synthesis. The reader will encounter further examples of these individual chemical classes of colorants throughout Chapters 7 10 which, as a complement to the content of the earlier chapters, deal with the chemistry of their application. Chapters 7, 8 and 10 are concerned essentially with the application of dyes, whereas Chapter 9 is devoted to pigments. The distinction between these two types of colorants has been made previously in Chapter 2. Dyes are used in the coloration of a wide range of substrates, including paper, leather and plastics, but by far their most important outlet is on textiles. Textile materials are used in a wide variety of products, including clothing of all types, curtains, upholstery and carpets. This chapter deals with the chemical principles of the main application classes of dyes that may be applied to textile fibres, except for reactive dyes, which are dealt with exclusively in Chapter 8. 

To further understand the possible changes occurring on the catalyst, it is important to investigate the FT product in more detail. Previous efforts to simulate the Fe-LTFT product spectrum mainly focused on the paraffins and olefins in the lighter fraction (C -CKI).10 This needs to be expanded to include the heavier fraction, as well as other product classes (such as oxygenates). The possible influence of... 

U.S. imports by class and country, 3 49t world mine production, reserves, and reserve base, 3 42t Antimony (III) acetate, 3 65 Antimony alloys, 3 41-56 compositional ranges, 3 52t process metallurgy, 3 44-47 selenium and metallurgy of, 22 98 uses of, 3 51-54... 

P.Y.181 is also recommended for use in paints, but in this area it is in direct competition with a large number of similarly shaded pigments within the same class as well as from different pigment classes. Inferior tinctorial strength makes P.Y.181 a less important product in this field. 

The available intense sweeteners belong to very different structural classes of sweeteners (Table 10.1). They were normally discovered by chance. All internationally important sweeteners are produced synthetically and only two less important products are isolated from plants. 

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) are often divided into various classes, (I, II, and IV) which are Zn " dependent (Table 1). Please note this chapter does not discuss the class HI HDACs which are NAD dependent, Sir-2-like deacetylases. The importance of class or isoform selective inhibition over pan-HD AC inhibition is currently being explored for its clinical relevance and thus, we will not explore in detail. However, a few natural products do demonstrate this type of class and isozyme selective inhibition which we will discuss briefly. 

Heterocycles are among the most important structural classes of chemical substances and are particularly well represented among natural products and pharmaceuticals. 

As an important drug class in the treatment of a variety of clinical situations [134], corticosteroids are readily available compounds. In fact, their industrial production reaches several tons per year [135], making them an useful source of substrates to obtain other steroids bearing a variety of chemical functions in rings A, B, C and D. 

By the Middle Ages, the upper classes consumed alcohol in abundance, while the peasant population made beer at home. In Italy and France, wine became an important product in commercial markets and continued to be an integral part of the European economy throughout the Renaissance period. Home brewing was largely replaced by the commercial manufacture of beer and wine in Europe by the early eighteenth century. 

The application of hydrogen peroxide for environmental clean-up has a pivotal role to play within the chemical industry. Indeed, such treatments have breathed new life into industries which have been classed as damaging to the environment, thus extending their lifetime. Whilst it will always be desirable to aim for zero effluent processes, it is only realistic to have in the armoury the ability to treat waste products end of pipe . Such end of pipe applications for peroxy-gens will enable more economic routes to industrially important products to be developed. 

The coal tar dye industry received its first stimulus when the manufacture of aniline was started — first in England — and aniline has remained one of its most important products. A considerable amount of aniline is still used today in the production of aniline black on the fiber. Large quantities are ako used in the preparation of dyes of various classes, either direcdy or after conversion into numerous other intermediates. Aniline is also an im rtant starting material in the preparation of pharmaceutical products. Apparently, the largest consumer of aniline derivatives in modem times, however, is the rubber industry, which uses huge quantities of diphenylguanidine, thiocarbanilide, and other sulfur containing aniline derivatives as vulcanization accelerators. 

In the nineties a new compound class, the strobilurins, was introduced into the market. In Europe azoxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl were heavily used in cereals and the established product concepts and treatment systems had to be adjusted. Namely the importance of anti-resistance management (ARM) was recognized as a key factor in managing crop treatments and product portfolios. Therefore, contrary to first assumptions, product classes like the morpholines were not substituted directly by this new chemistry, but added as a complement to new product combinations to suppress resistance build vp. 

The strobilurins are an important new class of agricultural fungicides. The best examples exhibit an extremely useful spectrum of activity against many plant diseases of commercial importance. The first two products of this class, azoxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl, first sold just three years ago in April 1996, have already made a major impact on the global fungicide market. The importance of the strobilurins will increase in die years ahead as the established products are registered for use on further crops and in further territories, and as new products, currently under development, are launched. 

Herbicides are the most important pesticide class in terms of production volume and market value. In agriculture they are used to control weeds. Weeds are unwanted plants, such as grasses, sedges, and broadleaf plants, that compete with the desired crop plants for nutrition, water, and land, thereby reducing the yield. Herbicides also have nonagricultural uses as they help in erasing vegetation on streets, railroad tracks, sports fields, and other public areas. 

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