Aniline Black

Peroxidase horseradrsh, turnips, milk activates HjOi arid a suitable substrate, e.g., aniline quinone-imine dyes, induline, mauveine, aniline-black 4-5 varies with substrate... 

Oxidation. Aromatic amines can undergo a variety of oxidation reactions, depending on the oxidizing agent and the reaction conditions. For example, oxidation of aniline can lead to formation of phenyUiydroxylamine, nitrosobenzene, nitrobenzene, azobenzene, azoxybenzene or -benzoquinone. Oxidation was of great importance in the early stages of the development of aniline and the manufacture of synthetic dyes, such as aniline black and Perkin s mauve. 

Nitroso compounds are formed selectively via the oxidation of a primary aromatic amine with Caro s acid [7722-86-3] (H2SO ) or Oxone (Du Pont trademark) monopersulfate compound (2KHSO KHSO K SO aniline black [13007-86-8] is obtained if the oxidation is carried out with salts of persulfiiric acid (31). Oxidation of aromatic amines to nitro compounds can be carried out with peroxytrifluoroacetic acid (32). Hydrogen peroxide with acetonitrile converts aniline in a methanol solution to azoxybenzene [495-48-7] (33), perborate in glacial acetic acid yields azobenzene [103-33-3] (34). 

Minor uses of vanadium chemicals are preparation of vanadium metal from refined pentoxide or vanadium tetrachloride Hquid-phase organic oxidation reactions, eg, production of aniline black dyes for textile use and printing inks color modifiers in mercury-vapor lamps vanadyl fatty acids as driers in paints and varnish and ammonium or sodium vanadates as corrosion inhibitors in flue-gas scmbbers. 

Numerous dyes structurally related to the safranines, such as the eurodines, e.g. (141), the indulines, e.g. (142), the nigrosines (143) and aniline black, a pigment of unknown structure used in the printing industry, are well known and a detailed account of their chemistry and applications has been presented (57HC(ll)l). 

Amido-azo-benzene Amido-azo-toluene Aniline black Auramine Bismarck brown Brilliant indigo, 4 G. 

Schwarz, n. slop-padded aniline black. -SI, n. aniline oil. -rot, n. aniline red. -salz, n. aniline salt, -schwarz, n. aniline black, -soifoskure, /. anilinesulfonic acid (amino-benzenesulfonic acid), -tinte,/. aniline ink. -vergiftung, /. aniline poisoning. 

Anthony S. Travis. From Manchester to Massachusetts, via Mulhouse The Transatlantic Voyage of Aniline Black. Technology and Culture 35 (Jan. 1994) 70-99. 

Aniline black was first prepared in the last century [164] when it was found that anodic oxidation of aniline at a Pt electrode in aqueous H2S04 gave a dark green powdery product. Aniline blacks have subsequently produced under a variety of conditions via both chemical and electrochemical routes with a low level of interest... 

Aniline. Aniline black is a well known polymer of aniline formed by electrophilic additionf3.41. Numerous investigators have formed poly(aniline) films by anodic deposition of Pt and other electrode materials. We have examined the interaction of aniline with clean Ni(lll) and Ni(100) surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum and found aniline to form an orientationally ordered, thermally stable polymer film. Electrochemically prepared poly(aniline) films also show the high degree of orientational ordering. 

Aniline black (Cl Oxidation Base 1) is a complex polymeric phenazine that can be produced on cotton fabric by impregnation with aniline hydrochloride and suitable inorganic oxidants, such as sodium chlorate, ammonium vanadate and copper hexacyanoferrate(II). Aniline black is also made directly for use as a pigment (Cl Pigment Black 1). 

A technique of developing Aniline Black directly on the fiber was found by Lightfoot in the period between 1860 and 1863. In accordance with this process, the fiber is soaked with aniline, aniline hydrochloride, and sodium chlorate in the presence of an oxidation catalyst (e.g., ammonium vanadate, potassium hexa-cyanoferrate(II)). The compound is developed at 60 to 100°C and then oxidized further with sodium chromate. It should be noted, however, that Perkin had already synthesized a black compound which he called Aniline Black as early as 1856. He oxidized aniline (containing toluidine) with potassium dichromate and separated Aniline Violet from the resulting black mixture (Aniline Black). 

Aniline Black provides a deep, neutral shade of black. Extensive absorption and little scattering make for good hiding power. The commercial grades cover a comparatively wide range of particle size distributions. The types with fine particle sizes in particular provide characteristically dull, velvety effects in finishes and... 

Aniline black which is thus obtained is hydrolysed by acids like all derivatives of quinonediimine and like the indamines, to which aniline black belongs. 

If this cleavage principle is applied to the molecule of aniline black it will be found that from it four molecules of quinone, three molecules of p-phenylenediamine, and one molecule each of aniline and ammonia arise. Since an excess of chromic acid is present, the p-phenylene-diamine is readily dehydrogenated to quinonediimine, which is hydrolytically decomposed into quinone and ammonia. The single molecule of aniline begins the cycle anew. 

Aniline black is also an important fast dye for cotton and is produced on the fibre at a high temperature (by steaming ) from an aniline salt (hydrochloride) and an oxidising agent. It is not probable that the two kinds of this dye which are known have the same constitution, for they have different degrees of stability towards acid technical aniline black probably contains phenazine ring systems (Bucherer, Green). 

Quinone may be prepared by the oxidation of aniline with dichromate or manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid.1 This is a more feasible commercial method than the one given. However, the oxidation of hydroquinone is more rapid and convenient and, hence is more desirable for use in the laboratory. Various materials have been oxidized by chemical means to give quinone they are quinic acid,2 hydroquinone,3 benzidine,4 -phenylene-diamine,5 sulfanilic acid,6 / -phenolsulfonic acid,7 arbutin,8 aniline black,9 and the leaves of various plants.10 Quinone is also formed by several other methods by the fermentation of fresh grass 11 by the action of iodine on the lead salt of hydroquin-... 

Torrance obtained a sample that showed ferromagnetic properties with a high Curie temperature by a reaction of 1,3,5-triaminobenzene with iodine under rather drastic conditions (Torrance et al., 1987). A charge-transfer complex of iodine with an aniline-black-type polymer [32], a heteroatom-containing analogue to [14 ] (Johannsen et al., 1989), may have been... 

Aniline itself undergoes intramolecular coupling and further oxidation to give aniline black. Poly(aniline) can be deposited as a thin coherent film on the anode by continuously cycling the potential between -0.2 and 0.8 V vs. see [165], Oxidation of aniline using manganese(ll) - roanganese(IIl) as mediator in dilute sulphuric... 

In 1978, aniline black was reported to show possible superconductivity by the irreversible drop of resistivity by 10 in the l-V measurements at RT around 250 V (T = 295.5 K) [333]. In 1989, a resistance drop by nine orders of magnitude and a strong... 

Langer J (1978) Unusual properties of the aniline black does the superconductivity exist at room temperature Solid State Commun 26 839-844... 

Fulgor A (suitable for military purposes) Endecahydronitrocellulose (or hendecahydro-nitrocellulose) 75.8, Hexanitromannite 22.7 St paraffin 2 parts.. Aniline black 0.05 pts was added. Gelatinized by means of ethyl acetate Fulgor B (suitable as sporting powder) Endecahydronitrocellulose 100 K4Fe(CN)fl 0.05 added. Gelatinized by means of ethyl acetate... 

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