Marketing value

The market values and molecular weights of the materials involved are given in Table 2.1. Oxygen is considered to be free at this stage, coming from the... 

For these reasons, ethanol is most likely to find use as a motor fuel in the form of a gasoline additive, either as ethanol or ethanol-based ethers. In these blend uses, ethanol can capture the high market value of gasoline components that provide high octane and reduced vapor pressure. 

The market value of natural gas Hquids is highly volatile and historically has been weakly related to the world price of cmde oil. During the 1980s, the market value of natural gas Hquids ranged from approximately 60% of the price of cmde to 73% (12). In this 10-year interval, several fluctuations occurred in the natural gas Hquid market. Because of the variabiHty of the natural gas Hquid market, the NGL recovery plants need to have flexibiHty. Natural gas Hquid products compete in the following markets ethane propane a Hquefted petroleum gas (LPG) a C-3/C-4 mix and / -butane all compete as petrochemical feedstocks. Propane and LPG are also used as industrial and domestic fuels, whereas 2-butane and natural gasoline, consisting of C-5 and heavier hydrocarbons, are used as refinery feedstocks. 

Pyrometa.llurgica.1 Methods. To prepare blast furnace bulhon for commercial sale, certain standards must be met either by the purity of the ores and concentrates smelted or by a series of refining procedures (r6—r8,r20,r21). These separated impurities have market value and the refining operations serve not only to purify the lead, but also to recover valuable by-products. 

Pemoval of Other Impurities. After softening, the impurities that may stiU remain in the lead are silver, gold, copper, tellurium, platinum metals, and bismuth. Whereas concentrations may be tolerable for some lead appHcations, the market values encourage separation and recovery. The Parkes process is used for removing noble metals and any residual copper, and the KroU-Betterton process for debismuthizing. 

The throwaway fuel cycle does not recover the energy values present ia the irradiated fuel. Instead, all of the long-Hved actinides are routed to the final waste repository along with the fission products. Whether or not this is a desirable alternative is determined largely by the scope of the evaluation study. For instance, when only the value of the recovered yellow cake and SWU equivalents are considered, the world market values for these commodities do not fully cover the cost of reprocessing (2). However, when costs attributable to the disposal of large quantities of actinides are considered, the classical fuel cycle has been the choice of virtually all countries except the United States. 

Both the inherent properties and those that can be engineered into the fiber and ultimately into the fabricated article account for the diverse end uses of nylon. Eor every end use, the fiber must offer performance and/or a perceived market value, meet mill acceptance standards, and have favorable economics. 

The total U.S. market value for the anesthetic agents Hsted was 299.9 million ia 1990 (162). General inhalation agents, valued at 154.5 million, comprised over half (51.5%) of the 1990 market. General iv anesthetics were valued at 111.5 million (37.2%). Local iajectable agents, at 33.9 million, represented the smallest portion of the market (11.3%). U.S. sales for selected anesthesia pharmaceuticals are given ia Table 6. 

Total roundwood harvested increased by less than 300 million ft between 1986 and 1991 (Table 8). The value of all roundwood timber harvested in the United States in 1991 was estimated to be 19,370 million (Table 8). The value of roundwood timber is defined as the market value at local points of dehvery, ie, deUvered to a processing faciUty. 

Cost. The catalytically active component(s) in many supported catalysts are expensive metals. By using a catalyst in which the active component is but a very small fraction of the weight of the total catalyst, lower costs can be achieved. As an example, hydrogenation of an aromatic nucleus requires the use of rhenium, rhodium, or mthenium. This can be accomplished with as fittie as 0.5 wt % of the metal finely dispersed on alumina or activated carbon. Furthermore, it is almost always easier to recover the metal from a spent supported catalyst bed than to attempt to separate a finely divided metal from a liquid product stream. If recovery is efficient, the actual cost of the catalyst is the time value of the cost of the metal less processing expenses, assuming a nondeclining market value for the metal. Precious metals used in catalytic processes are often leased. 

Fig. 1. United States agricultural crop markets for manufactured controlled release fertilizers, 1990. (a) Total percentage ( 14 million) of market value by crop and (b) total percentage (6,800 t) of consumption by product type. IBDU is isobutyUdene diurea PCF, polymer-coated fertilizer UF,...

Currently, HVI systems are providing rehable information on six characteristics of quaUty from a cotton sample in approximately 30 s that are highly related to the spinning quaUty and market value of the cotton. As of the 1991 crop year, cotton must be tested by HVI to be eligible for price supports in the United States. Information on every bale of cotton should gready improve the marketing of cotton and encourage the production of cotton with fiber properties desired by users. 

Elocculants and coagulants are sometimes used as pretreatments before dewatering. The market for flocculants and coagulants for water and wastewater treatment in the United States for 1989 was about 250 million, or 68,000 t, provided by 18 companies. In Europe, 22,000 t of flocculants and coagulants, made by 15 companies, had a market value of 115 million. In Japan, 12 companies made 23,000 t, valued at 184 million (150). 

Some electrochemicals are produced in very large quantity. Chlorine and sodium hydroxide production in 1991 were 10,727,000 t and 11,091,000 t, respectively (1). Aluminum was produced at the rate of 4,100,000 t/yr and had an annual market value of about 5.4 biUion. Other electrochemically produced products are required in smaller volume. The production of the metals cadmium, lithium, and nickel were at the rates of 1600 t, 2800 t, and 8400 t, respectively for 1991 (see Table 1). Electrochemical processing plants produce a variety of products in a wide range of capacities. 

Electronic coatings are of significant economic importance, as are the finished products in which they go. The worldwide total value of the resulting products is 500 biUion. Table 1 provides a geographic breakdown. The annual electronics coatings market value is estimated to be 5 biUion. These coatings are manufactured in several countries. Some of the principal manufacturers of electronic coatings are... 

Ethylene is first in total market value among petrochemicals. Based on 1989 production capacity of 58 x 10 t, the total potential market value would be approximately 29 x 10 based on an ethylene price of 500/t. 

The fixed assets in Eq. (9-133) and those included in the total assets in Eqs. (9-129) and (9-131) are usually taken at their written-down, or book, value, which may differ significantly from their market value. This is one disadvantage in using Eqs. (9-129), (9-131), and (9-133). 

Let us consider the very simplified case of a company with 100,000 shares of common stock, each with a market value of 10, giving a total market value of 1,000,000. If a further 50,000 shares are sold at 4 each, the total market value of the 150,000 shares is 1,200,000, or 8 each. This means that the new stockholders have gained at the expense of the original ones. The preemptive right is designed to prevent this. In practice, the situation is rather more complex than is indicated here. 

Both common and preferred stocks normally have a par, or nominal, value. In the case of common stock, the market value at the time of issue usually differs from the par value. Stock can be issued either at a premium or at a discount, depending on prevailing economic conditions and the strength of the company. The difference between the actual amount paid and the par value is listed in the stockholders -equity section of the balance sheet, as shown in Table 9-23. The issuance of stock at a premium or a discount is done to protect existing stockholders. 

Most people agree that general expenses incurred in administration, selling, distribution, etc., should not be included in the cost of inventory. In fact, many feel that no costs should be absorbed before they have been incurred. In general, method 2 is favored by engineers and method 3 by most accountants. However, the accountancy convention is to value at either cost or market value, whichever is the lower. In the methods considered, either ac tual or standard costs can be used. Note that method 3 shows a higher profit than method 2 when sales volume exceeds the produc tion rate and a lower profit when the production rate exceeds sales volume. 

The value of the inventory 7 at any given time depends on the values ascribed to the units withdrawn from inventoiy. There are five methods forvalmng inventoiy (I) FIFO (first-in-first-out), (2) LIFO (last-in-first-out), (3) average cost, (4) standard cost, and (5) market value. 

It is important to reahze that the method used to value inventoiy for cost accounting purposes is not necessarily the one used to draw up the balance sheet and financial accounts. In this case, inventoiy is valued either at the cost given by another method or at the market value, whichever is lower. 

Adhesives based on isocyanate (especially PMDl, polymethylene diisocyanate, more exactly polymeric 4,4 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate) have been used for more than 25 years in the wood-based panel industry [88], but still have a low market value in the wood-working industry compared to systems based on UF-, MUF- or PF-resins. The main application is the production of waterproof panels, but also the production of panels from raw materials that are difficult to glue, like straw, bagasse, rice shells or sugar cane bagasse. They can be used as adhesives for wood-based products like particleboard, oriented strandboard (OSB), laminated strand lumber (LSL), medium-density fiberboard (MDF) or... 

Sludge or solid waste is unavoidably produced in the treatment of water containing suspended solids. There are, however different technologies that we can select among that will indeed concentrate these solids, and thereby reduce the volumes that we ultimately must dispose of. In addition, some sludge can be stabilized and treated, which can impart a low, but none-the-less marketable value to this waste. These technologies and practices do indeed constitute pollution prevention and waste minimization programs within water treatment plant operations, and they can... 

We only briefly mentioned alkaline stabilization, but in reality this is a variation of sludge pasteurization. The basic process uses elevated pH and temperature to produce a stabilized, disinfected product. The two alkaline stabilization systems most common in the U.S. are a lime pasteurization system and a cement kiln dust pasteurization system. The lime pasteurization product has a wet-cake consistency, while the kiln dust pasteurization has a moist solid like consistency. Both products can be transported to agricultural areas for ultimate use. Literature studies show that the kiln dust product can capture a marketable value of 6.60/Mg ( 6.00/ton) to offset hauling costs, while the lime product does not appear to be able to capture financial credits for product revenues at this point in time. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. 

In contrast, composting processes utilize a mixture of solids and yard waste under controlled environmental conditions to produce a disinfected, humus-like product. Three common composting systems are a horizontal agitated reactor, a horizontal nonagitated reactor, and an aerated static pile system (nonproprietary). Compost can be marketed as a soil conditioner in competition with such products as peat, soil, and mulch. Although a large potential market exists, significant effort is required to penetrate this market. Yard waste revenue of 6.50/m (S5/yd ) and product revenue of 2.00/m ( 1.50/yd ) appear to be reasonable market values based on various studies reported on the Web. 

The following are the details of yield of plants and essential oil, with the market values of the product, all being calculated on the same basis —... 

Markt-reife, /. marketable condition, -wert, m. market value, -zettel, m. market report. 

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