Fibres, textile

J. W. S. Heade and W. E. Morton, Physical Properties of Textile Fibres, Heinemann Ltd., London, 1975. 

E. R. Trotman, Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1984, pp. 193—200. 

E. Clayton, Identification of Dyes on Textile Fibres, 2nd ed.. Society of Dyers and Colorists, Bradford, UK, 1963. 

Leaving aside rayon and artificial silks generally, the first really effective polymeric textile fibre was nylon, discovered by the chemist Wallace Hume Carothers (1896-1937) in the Du Pont research laboratories in America in 1935, and first put into production in 1940, just in time to make parachutes for the wartime forces. This was the first of several major commodity polymer fibres and, together with high-density polyethylene introduced about the same time and Terylene , polyethylene tereph-thalate, introduced in 1941 (the American version is Dacron), transformed the place of polymers in the materials pantheon. 

J. G. Cook, Handbook of Textile Fibre and Natural Fibres, 4th Ed. Morrow Publishing, England (1968). 

Nylons 6,6 and 6 are the ones usually employed as textile fibres. Where individual monofilaments are used, such as in brushes, sports equipment, or surgical sutures, nylons 6,10 and 11 tend to be used, because of their greater flexibility and water resistance. All nylons can be injection moulded and the resulting articles have found widespread use in engineering applications, such as bearings and gears. 

Cellulose may be solubilised by treatment with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide. It can be regenerated by acidification of the solution. This is the basis of the production of regenerated cellulose fibre, so-called viscose rayon , which is a major textile fibre. The technique is also used for the production of continuous cellulose-derived film, so-called cellophane (from cellulose and diaphane , the latter being French for transparent). 

Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) is a polymer with very useful properties. As a textile fibre it has excellent softness, stretch and recovery. As a resin it has excellent barrier properties. Developed over 60 years ago, PTT has not been very widely used compared to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as one of the key monomers 1,3-propanediol (PDO) has been expensive. 

It should be understood that the reported practices of polymer/additive analysis, being the focus of this book, equally well apply to additive analysis of rubbers, textile fibres, surface coatings, paints, resins, adhesives, paper and food, but specific product knowledge gives the edge. Both fresh and aged materials may be analysed, as well as those of both industrial and forensic origin. 

CE is also potentially a useful alternative analytical tool for monitoring of chemicals (dyes, flame retardants and lubricants) involved in various steps of the textile fibre manufacturing process. In this area, CE compares favourably with existing techniques. CZE-MSn was used for the analysis of sulfonated azo dyes [942]. A variety of fluorescent analytes including thiazole orange dyes have been characterised by CE-FLNS [943]. 

TXRF has also been used for the characterisation of single, colourless textile fibres (polyesters, modified cellulose and wool), yielding a fingerprint trace-element pattern, suitable for forensic purposes [276,277], Sample preparation involved dissolution/predigestion in HN03 and matrix removal (O2 cold plasma). 

A good surface finish is important in textile fibre processing to prevent the fibres snagging. 

In Chapters 3-6, the commercially important chemical classes of dyes and pigments are discussed in terms of their essential structural features and the principles of their synthesis. The reader will encounter further examples of these individual chemical classes of colorants throughout Chapters 7 10 which, as a complement to the content of the earlier chapters, deal with the chemistry of their application. Chapters 7, 8 and 10 are concerned essentially with the application of dyes, whereas Chapter 9 is devoted to pigments. The distinction between these two types of colorants has been made previously in Chapter 2. Dyes are used in the coloration of a wide range of substrates, including paper, leather and plastics, but by far their most important outlet is on textiles. Textile materials are used in a wide variety of products, including clothing of all types, curtains, upholstery and carpets. This chapter deals with the chemical principles of the main application classes of dyes that may be applied to textile fibres, except for reactive dyes, which are dealt with exclusively in Chapter 8. 

A. H. M. Renfrew, Reactive dyes for Textile Fibres the Chemistry of Activated n-bonds as Reactive Groups and Miscellaneous Topics, Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, 1999. 

Table 10.48 Surface tension of a range of liquids and surface energies of a range of textile fibres [502]...

Liquid Surface tension (mN/m) at 20 °C Textile fibre Surface energy (mN/m) at 20 °C... 

The use of biocides is spread across the whole polymer range, e.g., paints, ropes, textiles, fibres, etc. Many are copper, silver or arsenic compounds and also various heterocyclic compounds, e.g., isothiazolines (which have some structural resemblance to penicillin). 

A driven, fabric reinforced, beltlike component over which loosely formed textile fibres (slub) are drafted (orientated and drawn) to improve yam formation and consolidation. Two aprons work face to face, between which the yam being formed is drawn. The aprons separate two sets of cots and fluted steel rollers, revolving at different speeds to create the stretching required. 

A structure of interwoven or interlaced textile fibres, yams or threads. 

A method of impregnating textile fibres with latex. There is no natural affinity between the textile fibre and the latex particle this is overcome by making the latex slightly acid and the surface of the textile strongly alkaline. 

This term was originally intended to denote all kinds of man-made textile fibres, but is now applied only to cellulose types. Viscose rayon (regenerated from a solution of cellulose xanthate in sodium hydroxide) accounts for the greater part of world rayon production. Acetate rayon and cuprammonium rayon are relatively unimportant. 

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