Immune stimulation

The prophylactic stimulation of the immune system using vaccines and bacterins is time-consuming. Of even greater value would be the abiUty to activate the system to combat a disease attack already underway, or to be able to increase the response to abnormal cells and neutralize neoplasia in any organ of the body. Several compounds, some unique entities and some already in use for other purposes, have shown potential utiUty as such nonspecific immune stimulants. 

IP4 Inositol tetrakisphosphate IPF Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPO Intestinal peroxidase IpOCOCq Isopropylidene OCOCq I/R Ischaemia-reperfusion IRAP IL-1 receptor antagonist protein IRF-1 Interferon regulatory factor 1 la Short-circuit current ISCOM Immune-stimulating complexes... 

GAl-derived proteins were detected in ES products from adult worms and host abomasal mucus, indicative of release from the microvillar surface. Following from this, protective immunity stimulated by immunization with these proteins may involve anamnestic and mucosal immune responses. This suggestion was supported in a later study (Karanu et al., 1997a), which provided evidence for a contribution from CD4+ lymphocytes to gut antigen-induced immunity. 

B. W. Greatex, S. J. Brodie, R. H. Fumeaux, S. M. Hook, W. T. McBumey, G. F. Painter, T. Rades, and P. M. Rendle, The synthesis and immune stimulating action of mannose-capped lysine-based dendrimers, Tetrahedron, 65 (2009) 2939-2950. 

Quiescent T-lymphocytes are stimulated largely by direct binding to an antigen fragment presented on the surface of a macrophage in the context of MHC complex (Figure 9.3). This results in the induction of expression of at least 70 genes whose products are collectively important in immune stimulation. These products include ... 

Finally, a particularly interesting ongoing challenge will be to understand the potential for do-it-yourself immune stimulation to have unintended consequences. There are now many herbal supplements, functional foods and other over-the-counter products that promise to boost the immune response and most are considered to be safe for use by the general public. Although there is limited published evidence of adverse immune system effects of these materials, some have been associated with autoimmunity [95,96], See chapter 11 for a detailed discussion of the beneficial and potential adverse effects of nutraceuticals and functional foods. 

Kleinerman, E.S. et al., Combination therapy with ifosfamide and liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide Tolerability, toxicity, and immune stimulation, J. Immunother. Emphasis. Tumor Immunol., 17, 181, 1995. 

Morazzoni, P. et al., In vitro and in vivo immune stimulating effects of a new standardized Echinacea angustifolia root extract (Polinacea), Fitoterapia, 76, 401, 2005. 

Respiratory allergies and infections are the most common form of illness in the United States and Europe and account for more missed school and work days than any other disease [1], A substantial body of experimental work has clearly shown that airborne toxicants such as tobacco smoke, ozone, and other air pollutants can alter many aspects of the host defense network to either decrease resistance to infection, or exacerbate respiratory allergies and asthma [2], Exposure to air toxicants can suppress a number of key host defenses including mucociliary clearance in the airways, pulmonary macrophage function, and development of specific immune responses such as IgG antibody production and cell mediated immunity. In contrast, immune stimulation in the form of increased T cell activity and IgE antibody formation has also has been shown to occur under some circumstances, resulting in increased incidence or severity of allergic lung disease. 

A vaccine formulation contains antigenic components that are obtained from or derived from the pathogen. These pathogens include mainly viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Research has shown that the part of the pathogen that causes disease, termed virulence, can be decoupled from the protective part, so-called immunity. Vaccine development focuses on means to reduce the virulence factor while retaining the immunity stimulation. Administration... 

Mui B, Raney SG, Semple SC, Hope MJ. Immune stimulation by a CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide is enhanced when encapsulated and delivered in lipid particles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001 298 1185. 

Immune stimulation Avoid immune stimulatory motifs The motifs GUCCUUCAA and UGUGU should not be included in siRNAs... 

GM-CSF In clinical trials Immune stimulation in malignant melanoma Crohn s disease Berlex... 

The purple coneflower Echinacea purpura, and its close relatives, E. angustifolia and E. pallida, are the source of the herb Echinacea, which is widely popular as a nonspecific immune stimulant. These perennials are native to the prairies of North America and are now widely grown garden ornamentals. The root and aerial parts of the plant are the portions used, and the preparation s potency can be verified by the transient tingling sensation produced when it is tasted. Echinacea contains alkamides, caffeic acid esters (echinacoside, cichoric acid, caftaric acid), polysaccharides (heteroxylan), and an essential oil. Some echinacea products are standardized for their echinacoside content. In the past, adulteration with American feverfew (Parthenium integri-folium) was common. Echinacea is now sold either by itself or in combination with golden seal or zinc for the treatment of colds and influenza. 

There are numerous studies on echinacea in the literature, many of which indicate either an in vitro immune stimulation or a significant clinical reduction in the severity and duration of upper respiratory viral symptoms, especially when taken early in the onset of symptoms. Despite several of these meta-analyses concluding that echinacea is an effective immunomodulator of acute infection, there is still controversy as to the extent of its clinical effectiveness. A number of trials now clearly indicate that echinacea is unlikely to be effective in the prevention of colds, even if it may slightly shorten their course. 

The influence of physicochemical properties of liposomes, such as charge density, membrane fluidity, and epitope density, on the immune response elicited by antigens has been extensively studied [37]. In addition to antigens, other immune stimulators that are amphoteric muramyl peptides or lipid-soluble compounds, such as monophosphoryl lipid A or muramyl tripeptidyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, can also be incorporated into liposomes to increase their adjuvant effect in eliciting immune responses [34]. 

There are several botanicals that have purported immunostimulating effects. These include Panax ginseng and Echinacea purpurea (74), which have both been used as an immune stimulant. Any potential adverse effect on the pharmacological activity of immunosuppressants has not been reported in patients or evaluated in clinical studies. Given the lack of data, it would be prudent to advise against concurrent intake of these botanicals, and closely monitor changes in efficacy in patients who self-administer these botanicals. 

Curculigo capitulate. (Lour.) . Kuntze . ensifolia R. Br. C. malabarica Labill. C. orchiodes Gaertn. C. stams Labill. Da Xian Mao Xian Mao (Black musli) (rhizome) Calcium oxalate, resin, tannins.50 Improve immunicity, stimulate endocrine system. 

Cynomorium coccineum L. C. songarium L. Su Yang (Juniper) (stem) Anthocyanin, beta-sitosterol, palmitic acid, ursolic acid, daucosterol, catechin, naringenin-4 -0-pyranogluoside, succinic acid.53-215 Improve immunity, stimulate endocrine system, aphrodisiac, spermatopoietic. 

Lycium barbarum L. L. megistocarpum Dun. L. ovatum Loisel. L. trewianum G. Don L. turbinatum Loisel. Gou Gi, Gou Qi Zi (Ningxia wolfberry) (fruit) Betaine, zeaxanthin, physalein, carotenes, nicotinic acid, vitamin Q 33,447 Increase leukocyte count, anticancer, increase immunity, stimulation of tissue development. 

N.A. Asparagine, calcyosin, formononetin, astragalosides, kumatakenin, sterols.99-511 An energy tonic, for excessive sweating, relieves fluid retention, immune stimulant, treat uterine bleeding. 

Lycium barbarum L. China Betaine, zeaxanthin, physalein, carotine, nicotinic acid, vitamin C.33 Increase leukocyte count, increase immunity, stimulate tissue development. 

N.A. Lilacin, ligustrin, lignans, hydroxyphenylethanol glycosides.102-170 Tonic, neurotrophic, adaptogenic, immune stimulating, antimicrobial from leaves. 

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