Immune stimulating complexes

IP4 Inositol tetrakisphosphate IPF Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPO Intestinal peroxidase IpOCOCq Isopropylidene OCOCq I/R Ischaemia-reperfusion IRAP IL-1 receptor antagonist protein IRF-1 Interferon regulatory factor 1 la Short-circuit current ISCOM Immune-stimulating complexes... 

Improve Immune-stimulating complexes Adhesive antigens against hepatitis B Norovirus capsid protein expressed in yeast forms virus-like particles Helicobacter pylori Nystrom and... 

Iscoms (Immune-stimulating complexes) are stable complexes of cholesterol, phospholipid, and Quil A (derived from Quillaja saponaria) in size ranges from 40 to lOOnm. They are promising carriers for antigens in subunit vaccines. Iscoms are considered to be multi-micellar structures, shaped and stabilized by hydro-phobic interactions, electrostatic repulsion, steric factors and possibly hydrogen bonds. Protection... 

Morgan, A.J. Finerty, S. Lovgren, K. Sculhon, F.T. Morein, B. Prevention of epstein-barr (EB)virus-induced lymphoma in cottontop tamarins by vaccination with the EB virus envelope glycoprotein GP 340 incorporated into immune-stimulating complexes. J. Gen. Virol. 1988, 69, 2093-2096. 

Many compounds can act as adjuvants. Their classification is made difficult by the variety in chemical composition and the overlapping, often poorly understood, mechanisms of action. Only aluminum adjuvants are approved by the FDA for use in human vaccines. Quil A is a saponin that is commonly used as an adjuvant in veterinary vaccines and is also a component of immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOM). These adjuvants are addressed in some detail below. A detailed discussion of other types of adjuvants can be found in recent books and reviews on this subject. 

Quiescent T-lymphocytes are stimulated largely by direct binding to an antigen fragment presented on the surface of a macrophage in the context of MHC complex (Figure 9.3). This results in the induction of expression of at least 70 genes whose products are collectively important in immune stimulation. These products include ... 

In primates, immune stimulation is far less prominent than that in the rodent. In the monkey, doses necessary to produce immune stimulation have not been identified, despite evaluation of numerous oligonucleotides at a variety of doses and schedules (169). At least one factor contributing to these species differences is that the optimal rodent immune stimulator sequence is simple and immune stimulation is induced by all sequences. In contrast, in the primate, the optimal sequences are different and more complex (284) and the response is much less promiscuous with regard to sequence. Modifications of the base, the... 

Nitric oxide (NO) has a key role in many bioregulatory systems, including immune stimulation, platelet inhibition, neurotransmission, and relaxation of smooth muscle [1]. Its biosynthesis derives from nitric oxide synthases which catalyse the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline, resulting in NO release. Among the proposed NO storage components are protein-bound thionitrosyls and protein-bound dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNIC) [2,3]. The latter are derived from iron-sulphur... 

The class II cytokine receptor family includes receptors for interferon a/P (lEN a/P) and y (lENy) and IL-10. lEN-y immunoreactivity has been found in neurons in the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, mammilary nuclei, and dorsal tegmentum. Astrocytes and microglia in vitro can be stimulated to express class II histocompatibiHty complex (MHC-II) antigens by lEN-y, which may be involved in the presentation of antigen to T-ceUs by astrocytes. Thus lEN-y may be critical in CNS-immune function and dysfunction especially in regard to neuronal and gHal apoptotic processes. 

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