Antibodies formation

Active and passive immunity involve tiie use of agents that stimulate antibody formation (active immunity) or tiie injection of ready-made antibodies found in tiie serum of immune individuals or animals (passive immunity). The following sections describe active and passive immunity. 

Rasburicase (Elitek ) 0.2 mg/kg per day for up to 5 days 12,000/day Lower doses and abbreviated schedules may be used to decrease cost (0.05-0.1 mg/kg per day). May rarely cause nausea and vomiting. Contraindicated in patients with G6PD deficiency lead to hemolytic anemia. Rare cases of hypersensitivity and antibody formation. 

Toxoid A toxin of a pathogenic organism treated to destroy its toxicity but leave it capable of inducing antibody formation upon injection. 

RDIg, when administered within 72 hours of delivery of a full-term infant, reduces active antibody formation from 12% to between 1% and 2%. 

Shek, P.N., B.Y.K. Yung, N.Z. Stanacev, Comparison between Multilamellar and Unilamellar Liposomes in Enhancing Antibody Formation, Immunology. 49, 37,1983. 

Respiratory allergies and infections are the most common form of illness in the United States and Europe and account for more missed school and work days than any other disease [1], A substantial body of experimental work has clearly shown that airborne toxicants such as tobacco smoke, ozone, and other air pollutants can alter many aspects of the host defense network to either decrease resistance to infection, or exacerbate respiratory allergies and asthma [2], Exposure to air toxicants can suppress a number of key host defenses including mucociliary clearance in the airways, pulmonary macrophage function, and development of specific immune responses such as IgG antibody production and cell mediated immunity. In contrast, immune stimulation in the form of increased T cell activity and IgE antibody formation has also has been shown to occur under some circumstances, resulting in increased incidence or severity of allergic lung disease. 

Lymphocyte proliferation NK cell activity Antibody formation IL-2 system receptors Cytokine production Apoptosis Cell signaling... 

Lymphocyte proliferation Antibody formation Cellular hypersensitivity... 

Hexachloroethane did not act as a sensitizer in guinea pigs when a challenge dose was given 2 weeks after the end of a 3-week sensitization period (Weeks et al. 1979). Accordingly, it did not stimulate antibody formation during sensitization. The NOAEL for dermal sensitization is reported in Table 2-3. 

Nontraditional animal Transgenic mice carrying Antibody formation would... 

Traditionally, the duration of a toxicity study depends on the intended clinical use and disease duration. The potential immunogenicity of the human protein is a significant issue since antibody binding can partially or completely inhibit the biological activity of that protein, affect its catabolism or alter its distribution and clearance. Any multiple-dose study therefore should include evaluation of the impact of antibody formation, including their neutralizing capacity. However, antibody formation in itself should not be a reason for termination of a toxicity study, particularly if the antibodies are not neutralizing or do not alter the pharmacodynamics of the protein. 

Antigen The substance against which antibody formation was intended (in this case, the drug) ... 

Product-related impurities are molecular variants of the desired product (e.g., precursors, certain degradation products arising during manufacture and storage) which do not have properties comparable to those of the desired product with respect to activity, efficacy, and safety.2 Variants may exert different biological effects (potentially uncontrolled or hazardous) and specifically lead to antibody formation in the patient.3... 

Histamine has been shown to intervene in the Thl, Th2, Treg cell balance and consequently antibody formation. Differential patterns of HR expression on Thl and Th2 cells determine reciprocal T-cell responses following histamine stimulation (table 2 fig. 1) [73]. Thl cells show predominant, but not... 

Although small molecules do not usually stimulate antibody formation, antibodies against them can usually be raised if the small molecule, or hapten, is covalently attached to a large immunologically active carrier protein. 

The principal events that follow invasion of a human being by a bacterium (or a virus or a fungus. ..) and lead to antibody formation are well known. Briefly, here... 

The finding that the administration of 6-mercaptopurine to rabbits following exposure to bovine serum albumin prevented antibody formation [374] formed the basis for a new area of chemotherapy for purine analogues and other antimetabolites and was soon followed by the use of these drugs for the therapy of autoimmune disease and the suppression of homograft rejection. This subject has been reviewed in depth [ 12, 375, 375a], has occasioned a symposium [376], and has received much recent publicity as a result of human heart transplants. 

Only a few fused cells actually produce antibodies. To identify these cells, the hybridomas have to be isolated and replicated by cloning (4). After the clones have been tested for antibody formation, positive cultures are picked out and selected by further cloning (5). This results in hybridomas that synthesize monoclonal antibodies. Finally, MAB production is carried out in vitro using a bioreactor. 

While MIPs are part of the current nanorevolution, its roots are found in Pauling s theory of antibody formation. Although the particulars were wrong, the general concept is good. 

Antibodies Formation of antihirudin antibodies was observed in approximately 40% of HIT patients treated with lepirudin. This may increase the anticoagulant effect of lepirudin possibly because of delayed renal elimination of active lepirudin-antihirudin complexes. Therefore, strict monitoring of aPTT is necessary also during prolonged therapy. No evidence of neutralization of lepirudin or of allergic reactions associated with positive antibody test results was found. 

The results from some studies suggest that botulinum toxin type A injections at more frequent intervals or at higher doses may lead to greater incidence of antibody formation. The potential for antibody formation may be minimized by injecting with... 

Hunter RL, Bennett B (1984) The adjuvant activity of nonionic block polymer surfactants. II. Antibody formation and inflammation related to the structure of the triblock and octablock copolymer. J Immunol 133 3167-3175... 

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