Immunomodulating effects

Caryophyllidae are an interesting source of oligosaccharides and peptides with potential anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulating effect. These polar compounds might for instance explain the fact that the fresh juice expressed from Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. (Amaranthaceae) inhibits carrageenan-induced edema in rodent. Note that the seeds of Gomphrena species inhibit the formation of IL-6 by osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E10) without cytotoxicity in vitro. Such property could be useful for the treatment of chronic rheumatoid arthritis, infection, and cancer. In the Lauraceae, trans-cinnamal-dehyde from Cinnamomum cassia (Lauraceae, order Laurales) inhibits in vitro the... 

Norval, M. and El-Ghorr, A. A., Studies to determine the immunomodulating effects of cis-urocanic acid, Methods 28, 63-70, 2002. 

Thum et al. [153] have provided an alternative explanation for the functional improvement seen with stem cell therapy after AMI. They propose that stem cells produce an immunomodulating effect that would, in turn, reduce scar formation, repress cardiac apoptosis, and, thus, improve cardiac function (Fig. 7.14). 

Levamisole (see Chapter 26, Section Ill.e and Chapter 28, Section III) is an imidazothiazole derivative and the L isomer of D,L-tetramisole. It has activity against Ascaris and Trichostrongylus but is mainly used for its immunomodulating effects in Rheumatoid Arthritis and as adjunct therapy in some anti-cancer regimens. 

Imiquimod is approved for the local treatment of external genital and perianal warts in adults. The agent has immunomodulating effects and it also stimulates antiviral activity. 

A class name for a family of species-specific proteins (or glycoproteins) that are produced according to information encoded by species of interferon genes, and exert complex antineoplastic, antiviral, and immunomodulating effects... 

Tetracyclines also seem to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects.53,71 Although the exact reasons for these effects are unclear, tetracyclines have been used in a variety of noninfectious diseases with an inflammatory or autoimmune basis, including scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis.71 Clinical studies will continue to investigate how these drugs can be used effectively in the long-term management of chronic disease. 

A number of agents can suppress the immune system. However, there has been considerable interest in developing pharmacologic methods to modify or even stimulate immune function in specific situations. In particular, agents that have a positive immunomodulating effect could be beneficial to patients with compromised immune function (such as AIDS or certain cancers) or chronic infections.19,41 Development of immunostimulants, however, is understandably a complex and potentially dangerous proposition. Excessive or incorrect immune activation could trigger myriad problems that resemble autoimmune diseases. Likewise, it may be difficult to selectively stimulate certain aspects of the immune system to treat a specific... 

Melatonin N-acetyl-5- methoxytryptamine Manufactured synthetically to mimic the endogenous hormone Sedative-hypnotic regulate sleep-wake cycles used in various other conditions because of antioxidant and immunomodulating effects... 

Interferons are proteins or glycoproteins that are produced either by animal cells or plant cells in response to stimuli or DNA recombinant technology. These drugs are active against malignant neoplasms and have immunomodulating effects. These are useful in chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hairy cell leukemia, myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, multiple myeloma, renal cell carcinoma, multiple sclerosis, chronic granulomatous diseases, blood disorders, common cold, herpes simplex, inflammatory bowel disease, and leishmaniasis. 

The immunomodulative effect of lactic acid rods is invaluable. It has been observed that administering Lactobacillus GG to women during pregnancy and after labor increased milk IL 10 and TGI P concentration and in breastfed children decreased the occurrence of atopic eczema (Isolauri et al., 2000). 

It has been known for a long time that apart from their immunomodulative effect, lactic acid rods have a beneficial effect on the content of bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract, thus reducing the percentage of anaerobes. More lactic acid rods were bred in the cultures from the gastrointestinal tract of 1 year old infants from Estonia. Atopic conditions were less frequent in those children than in children from Sweden, who often presented Clostridium rods in the gastrointestinal tract (Sepp et al., 1997). 

Nagy, A., J drychowski, L., Gelencser, E., Wroblewska, B., and Szymkiewicz, A. 2002. Immunomodulative effect of Lactobacillus Salivarius and Lactobacillus Casei strains. Pol J Food NutrSci SI 2, 11/52 122-124. 

Hydroxychloroquine (and also chloroquine, see Ch. 14) in addition to their antimalarial actions exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects that are useful in rheumatoid disease. Hydroxychloroquine accumulates within lymphocytes, macrophages, polymorphs and fibroblasts, and inhibits phagocyte function but its exact mode of action is unknown. Its action is terminated both by metabolism and renal elimination (t/ 18 days). 

S. Stvolinsky et al., Immunomodulating effects of carnosine in the in vitro and in vivo experiments. Membr. Cell. Biol. (Russian), 13 (1996) 299-306. 

Lapointe N, Chen H,Qi S, Xu D, Daloze P, Dumont L. Immunomodulating effects of second-generation caicium channei biockers on experimentai heart transpiantation. Eur Surg Res 1999 31 259-266. 

Thuvander A Sundberg J Oskarsson A. 1996. Immunomodulating effects after perinatal exposure to methylmercury in mice. Toxicology l 14(2) 163-75. 

Lysolecithin Analogs - The immunomodulating effects of a variety of synthetic lysolecithin analogs (58) have been reviewed. 59... 

Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus are calcineurin inhibitors capable of exerting a local immunomodulating effect that may serve to normalize hyperproliferation of epidermis. As topical agents, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis however, regulatory approval regarding the efficacy of these agents in psoriasis is yet to be completed. 

Methenitou G, Maravelias C, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, et al. 1996. Immunomodulative effects of aflatoxins and selenium on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Vet Hum Toxicol 38(4) 274-277. 

Imazeki, I. et al. (2006) Immunomodulating effect of vitamin Dj derivatives on type-1 cellular immunity. Biomedical Research, 27, 1-9. 

Meera P, Rao PR, Shanker R, Tripathi O (1992) Immunomodulating effects of gamma-HCH (lindane) in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 14 261-282. 

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