Hazardous waste toxicity

Hazardous waste collection Hazardous waste reduction Hazardous waste toxicity reduction Hazardous waste recycling... 

J. D. Kilgroe, L. P. Nelson, PO. J. Schindler and W. S. Lanier, in Incineration of Hazardous Waste-Toxic Combustion By-Products, ed. W. R. Seeker and C. P. Koshland, Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, 1992. 

See also Clean Air Act (CAA), US Clean Water Act (CWA), US Hazardous Waste Toxic Substances Control Act, US. 

EPA. 1990a. Identification and listing of hazardous waste. Subpart C Characteristic of hazardous waste toxicity characteristic. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 261.24. 

Hazardous Waste Toxicity Characteristics Maximum Leachable Concentration... 

Federal regulations (40 CFR 261) classify acrylonitrile as a hazardous waste and it is Hsted as Hazardous Waste Number U009. Disposal must be in accordance with federal (40 CFR 262, 263, 264), state, and local regulations only at properly permitted faciUties. It is Hsted as a toxic pollutant (40 CFR 122.21) and introduction into process streams, storm water, or waste water systems is in violation of federal law. Strict guidelines exist for clean-up and notification of leaks and spills. Federal notification regulations require that spills or leaks in excess of 100 lb (45.5 kg) be reported to the National Response Center. Substantial criminal and civil penalties can result from failure to report such discharges into the environment. 

Factors which may affect the cost of coal upgrading are environmental considerations such as toxicity, hazardous waste disposal, and carcinogenic properties (131). These and other environmental problems from process streams, untreated wastewaters, and raw products would figure significantly into the cost of commercialization. 

P. J. Canney and P. T. Schaefer, in M. D. LaGrega and L. K. Hendrian, eds.. Proceedings of the 15th Toxic Hazardous Waste Processing Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, Butterworth, U.K., 1983, pp. 277—284. 

Hazardous Waste Reduction Checklist and Assessment Manualfor the Metal FinishingJndusty, California Department of Health Services, Alternative Technology Division, Toxic Substances Control Program, Sacramento, Calif., 1990. 

When disposed of, all the nitroparaffins are considered to be hazardous waste. AH have the characteristic of ignitabHity however, 2-nitropropane also is a Hsted hazardous waste (U171) because of its toxicity. The preferred method of disposal is by incineration. GeneraHy, the nitroparaffins must be... 

Clean Air Act and its amendments ia 1970, 1977, and 1990 1967 Air Quahty Standards and National Air Pollution Acts and 1970 National Environmental PoHcy Act) (2) better waste disposal practices (1965 SoHd Waste Disposal Act 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) (see Wastes, industrial Waste treatment, hazardous wastes) (i) reduced noise levels (1972 Noise Control Act) (4) improved control of the manufacture and use of toxic materials (1976 Toxic Substances Control Act) and (5) assignment of responsibiUty to manufacturers for product safety (1972 Consumer Product Safety Act) (15,16). 

Pumps for Corrosive or Toxic Applications. For some appHcations, pumpage is not only severely corrosive but also toxic, so that the pumpage must be contained with 2ero leakage (see Waste tee atment, hazardous wastes). One possibiHty is to employ a magnetically driven pump having a nonmetaUic, usually Teflon, liner at the Hquid end. 

A sohd waste is considered hazardous if it is either a Hsted waste or a characteristic waste. Listed wastes include a Hst of specific processes that generate a waste and a Hst of discarded commercial chemical products. There are four hazardous waste characteristics ignitabiHty, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The last refers to the leachabiHty of a waste and the resultant toxicity in the groundwater using the analytical method referred to as toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A Hst of substances included under TCLP is shown in Table 1. 

Watei has an unusually high (374°C) ctitical tempeiatuie owing to its polarity. At supercritical conditions water can dissolve gases such as O2 and nonpolar organic compounds as well as salts. This phenomenon is of interest for oxidation of toxic wastewater (see Waste treatments, hazardous waste). Many of the other more commonly used supercritical fluids are Hsted in Table 1, which is useful as an initial screening for a potential supercritical solvent. The ultimate choice for a specific appHcation, however, is likely to depend on additional factors such as safety, flammabiUty, phase behavior, solubiUty, and expense. 

Toxic or hazardous wastes can be disposed of in fluidized beds by either chemical capture or complete destruction. In the former case, bed material, such as limestone, will reacl with hahdes, sulfides, metals, etc., to form stable compounds which can be landfilled. Contact times of up to 5 or 10 s at 1200 K (900°C) to 1300 K (1000°C) assure complete destruction of most compounds. 

Much of the current activity in the field of solid-waste management, especially with respect to hazardous wastes and resources recoveiy, is a direc t consequence of legislation. It is imperative to have a working knowledge of waste regulations, including RCRA (for EPA hazardous waste) TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) for PCBs and toxic waste Sohd Waste Disposal Act the Clean Air Ac t and PSD (prevention of... 

Hazardous Wastes The U.S. EPA has defined hazardous waste in RCRA regulations, CFR Parts 260 and 261. A waste may be hazardous if it exhibits one or more of the following characteristics (1) ignitability, (2) corrosivity, (3) reactivity, and (4) toxicity. A detailed definition of these terms was first published in the Federal Register on May 19, 1980, pages 33, 121-122. A waste may be hazardous if listed in Appendix Wll. 

In the past, hazardous wastes were often grouped into the following categories (1) radioactive substances, (2) chemicals, (3) biological wastes, (4) flammable wastes, and (5) explosives. The chemical cate-goiy included wastes that were corrosive, reactive, and toxic. The principal sources of hazardous biological wastes are hospitals and biological-research facilities. 

If a pollutant is removed from the carrying gas stream, disposal of the collected material becomes of vital concern. If the collected material is truly inert, it may be disposed of in a sanitary landfill. If it is at the other end of the scale, it is probably considered as a toxic waste and strict laws governing its disposal apply. Disposal of hazardous wastes is regulated by governmental agencies. 

HAZARDOUS WASTE An Unofficial class of industrial wastes which have to be disposed of with particular care. In the UK the closest definition is for special wastes . Certain toxic organic wastes, such as PCBs, have to be burned in high-temperature incinerators. 

Table 16.18 Potential hazards from toxic waste deposition...

NOTE - Petrochemical plants also generate significant amounts of solid wastes and sludges, some of which may be considered hazardous because of the presence of toxic organics and heavy metals. Spent caustic and other hazardous wastes may be generated in significant quantities examples are distillation residues associated with units handling acetaldehyde, acetonitrile, benzyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, cumene, phthallic anhydride, nitrobenzene, methyl ethyl pyridine, toluene diisocyanate, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, perchloro-ethylene, aniline, chlorobenzenes, dimethyl hydrazine, ethylene dibromide, toluenediamine, epichlorohydrin, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, and vinyl chloride. 

Chlorinated solvent vapor degreasers can be replaced with high pressure power washers which do not generate spent solvent hazardous wastes or toxic fugitive emissions. 

The testing of chemicals/wastes to establish the nature of their hazard capacity/threat in accordance with regulatory requirements falls into four categories (1) reactivity, (2) ignitability/flammability, (3) corrosivity, and (4) EP toxicity. Commercial chemical products, specific wastes, and wastes from specific processes may be listed as hazardous wastes because they are known to present toxic hazards in the manner of the tests above and/or are known to present serious toxic hazards to mammals/humans. In the discussion to follow, various chemical groups will be examined primarily in the context of reactivity, ignitability, and corrosivity. 

Enter in the spaces provided, the name and address of each location (other than POTWs) to which you ship or transfer wastes containing toxic chemicals. Do not include locations to which you ship the toxic chemical for recycle or reuse, tf you do not ship ortransfer wastes containing toxic chemicals to offsite locations, enter not applicable, NA in the off-site location name line of 2.1. Also enter the EPA Identification Number (RCRA I.D. Number) for each such location if known to you. This number may be found on the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest, which is required by RCRA regulations. Also indicate in the space provided whether the location is owned or controlled by yourfacility or your parent company. If thefacility does not have a RCRA 1.0. number, enter not applicable, NA, in this space. 

Enter one of the following codes to identify the type of treatment or disposal method used by the off-site location for the chemical being reported. You should use more than one line for a single location when the toxic chemical is subject to different disposal methods the same location code may be used more than once. You may have this information in your copy of EPA Form SO, Item S of the Annual/Biennial Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Report (RCRA). Applicable codes for Part III, Section 6(c) are as follows ... 

Solidification/Stabilization technologies are techniques designed to be used as final waste treatment. A major role of these processes is posttreatment of residuals produced by other processes such as incineration or chemical treatment. In some cases, solidification/ stabilization processes can serve as the principal treatment of hazardous wastes for which other detoxification techniques are not appropriate. High volume, low toxicity wastes (such as contaminated soils) are an example of this application. 

Physical and chemical tests of the final product may need to address two concerns (1) whether the solidified waste exhibits any RCRA defined toxicity characteristics or could be delisted and (2) the potential long term fate of treated materials in the disposal environment. Three tests are available which address the first concern. These are the Extraction Procedure (EP Tox) (40 CFR 261, Appendix II, 1980) and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) (40 CFR 261, Appendix II, 1986), and the Multiple Extraction Procedure Test (40 CFR 261, Appendix II, January 1989). It is important to note that these tests are not indicators of expected leachate quality but of potentials. A solidified product which cannot pass the appropriate test (EP Tox or TCLP) would be subject to classification as a hazardous waste. 

Applicability Most hazardous waste slurried in water can be mixed directly with cement, and the suspended solids will be incorporated into the rigid matrices of the hardened concrete. This process is especially effective for waste with high levels of toxic metals since at the pH of the cement mixture, most multivalent cations are converted into insoluble hydroxides or carbonates. Metal ions also may be incorporated into the crystalline structure of the cement minerals that form. Materials in the waste (such as sulfides, asbestos, latex and solid plastic wastes) may actually increase the strength and stability of the waste concrete. It is also effective for high-volume, low-toxic, radioactive wastes. 

A medical surveillance program is designed to protect the workers health. Given the limitations of industrial hygiene monitoring data and the many hazards involved in hazardous waste activities, medical surveillance data may provide the only indication that worker exposure to toxic substances has occurred. 

Trade association of manufacturers of organic chemicals that represents the interests of its members before the public and government agencies, including matters concerning hazardous waste, occupational safety and health, toxic substances control, safe drinking watery and concerns regarding specific chemicals its members handle. 

A professional society for persons in the environmental health field that conducts continuing education programs, placement sendees, awards programs, and compiles statistics on such subjects as air, water and land quality, food, pesticides, hazardous waste and toxic substances. 

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