Detoxification techniques

Solidification/Stabilization technologies are techniques designed to be used as final waste treatment. A major role of these processes is posttreatment of residuals produced by other processes such as incineration or chemical treatment. In some cases, solidification/ stabilization processes can serve as the principal treatment of hazardous wastes for which other detoxification techniques are not appropriate. High volume, low toxicity wastes (such as contaminated soils) are an example of this application. 

Clay eating probably was extremely important in human evolution it enabled hominids who did not use fire to eat plants with toxic antifeedants. However, the glycoalkaloids of the potato are heat stable and insoluble in water. Domestication of tomatoes and potatoes probably went hand in hand with clay eating. Johns (1986) suggested that geophagy is the most basic human detoxification technique with behavior antecedents that are prehominid. ... 

O Connor PG, Kosten TR. Rapid and ultrarapid opioid detoxification techniques. JAMA 1998 279 229-234. 

Shanavaskhan, A.E., and S. Binu. 1997. Detoxification techniques of traditional physicians of Kerala, India on some toxic herbal dmgs. Fitoterapia 68(l) 69-74. 

A castor meal treating program for simultaneous detoxification and deaHergenation led to the development of a process to detoxify the meal by heat and moisture and to deaHergenate by chemical and water treatment utilizing expander/extmder processing techniques (14). This detoxified and deaHergenated castor meal is safe to use as feed for animals (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Bioremediation is a technique for treating zones of contamination by microbial degradation, which involves altering the environmental conditions to enhance microbial catabolism or cometabolism of organic contaminants, resulting in the breakdown and detoxification of those contaminants.15 According to microbial metabolic activity, bioremediation can be classified into three categories20-21 ... 

Dillon AP. 1981. Disposal of selected pesticides. In Pesticide disposal and detoxification processes and techniques. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ. 

Dillon, A.P. Pesticide Disposal and Detoxification Processes and Techniques Noyes Data Corporation Park Ridge, NJ, 1981. 

The described sorbent modification technique by using neutral anolite solution improves the efficiency of blood detoxification and improves treatment results in... 

S. brevicaulis (134). By the use of sensitive analytical methodology involving arsine generation, the arsenic intermediates proposed in Fig. 7 were identified in the growth medium. A significant result was the detection of TMAO, rather than trimethylarsine, as the major methylation product. The low concentrations of arsenic employed in these experiments resulted in TMAO being present at less than toxic concentrations, and further detoxification by reducing TMAO to the arsine was considered unnecessary. Whether or not TeMA was produced in these experiments is not known its presence was not reported, but it would not have been detected by the analytical technique used. 

Detoxification methods, pesticide content of fish, environmental analytical and monitoring techniques. (4 Utilization of biomass, drinking water quality, organic contaminants in lakes and rivers, and effect of deforestation on carbon dioxide and oxygen content of air. 

Toxic hazards never seem as acute as other hazards in the ordnance industries, and the prevailing habits of cleanliness and orderliness go a long way toward their amelioration. The current emphasis on the maintenance of environmental standards have placed additional requirements on the control of effluent gas and liq process streams. The care now being exercised is evidenced by new analytical techniques for the detection of trace contaminants such as the presence of TNT and other aromatic nitrates in the soli and in the ground w (Ref 43), New techniques of detoxification have been developed using microwave plasma oxidation of aromatic compds, heavy metal compns and chemical warfare agents (Refs 65 81)... 

Affinity chromatography (AC) is a fractionation technique widely used in targeted proteomics or protein-protein interaction approaches. This method utilizes an interaction or affinity of a target protein to a substrate (or another protein) immobilized on a support matrix. Figure 17.4 demonstrates that AC can be incorporated into 3D proteomic approaches (Lee and Lee, 2004). Traditionally, AC has been used to purify, for example, carbohydratebinding proteins from Diplostomum pseudo-spathaceum (Mikes and Man, 2003) and the detoxification superfamily glutathione transferase (GST) from parasitic flatworms (Brophy and Barrett, 1990), specifically shown in... 

Up to now, none of the presented system can claim its ability to fully replace all liver functions in an extracorporeal circuit. On the one hand, purely artificial techniques can only cover some detoxification aspects, which is already crucial in many clinical cases to save patients. On the other hand, bioartificial livers have not proven their full efficiency yet, mainly because both regulatory and logistic aspects limit, for the moment, the inclusion of significant numbers of patients to draw statistically relevant conclusions. 

Over the years, the electrochemical methods have proven to be highly effective in the detoxification of wastes, since unlike conventional physico-chemical techniques (e.g. thermal degradation or chemical oxidation) they provide mild reaction conditions, avoid the secondary pollution effects chained to the excess reagents and are easily adapted even to small-size treatment needs. 

A widely used technique for opioid detoxification, pioneered by Isbell and Vogel (64), involves the substitution of methadone for the illicit opioid, followed by a gradual reduction in the amount of methadone taken. 

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