Hazards biological

Biological hazards include vermin, insects, molds, fungi, viruses, and bacterial contaminants. Sanitation and housekeeping activities such as potable water, removal of industrial waste and sewage, food handling, and personal cleanliness have the potential to exacerbate the potential risk of biological hazards. 

The production of pharmaceuticals, the manufacture of enzymes or genetically engineered materials, and the cultivation of biological materials can expose personnel to biologically produced toxic agents. Some of the situations that may create biological heizards are familiar to chemical operators  

Description of hazard. Water plant operators and associated maintenance staff are frequently exposed to vedor-borne diseases from the bites of infeded ticks and mosquitoes. One of the most common tick-borne diseases in the United States is Lyme disease. Ticks are found in wooded areas, high grass, or leaf matter. West Nile virus, which affects about one in five people who are infected, is carried by mosquitoes that can be found near standing water or in weedy or wooded areas. 

Rodents and other wild animals can also carry disease. Both live and dead animals can carry rabies and rat bite fever. Hantavirus has also been found in rodent droppings, and infection can lead to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), which can be fatal. 

Symptoms of vector-borne diseases often occur one to five weeks after exposure and can include fever, headaches, fatigue, body and muscle aches, vomiting and diarrhea, joint pain, rash, stiff neck and, paralysis. 

Common controls. If a worker is bitten or stung by an insect or rodent and symptoms of severe illness are apparent, or is bitten by a poisonous snake, seek immediate medical attention. Otherwise, monitor the victim over time to determine if symptoms of illness occur. 

Numerous steps can be taken to avoid vector-borne diseases and poisonous critters. Wear light-colored clothing, hat, long-sleeved shirt, and long pants tucked into boots to cover as much of the body as possible. 

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DOE sites not only are subject to radiological hazards, but also have the typical physical, chemical, and biological hazards associated with other sites. Although your site may seem unlikely to have radiological hazards, they can be found in more places than you might believe. Eor example, if your site manufactures chemicals or other items, or generates electricity, it likely has some form of radiological hazards. 

Biological hazards can result from exposure to insects, animals, plants, bacteria, and various viruses. Any particular site may include a variety of biological hazards such as ... 

Process operation and the storage and handling of effluents and chemicals involve potential chemical and biological hazards (Chapter 5). Safeguards of the type outlined in Chapters 12 and 13 are essential, particularly since the activities are often on a site s periphery and have low manning levels. 

Specific activity The ratio between activity (in number of disintegrations/min) and the mass (in grams) of material giving rise to the activity. Biological hazards of radionuclides are directly related to their specific activity and are expressed in Bq/kg mass. 

It may be necessary to monitor the environment within the laboratory (e.g., a low oxygen alarm, to warn if the air in a room is becoming oxygen-starved). Separate regulations govern the use of certain classes of material, such as radiochemicals and biological hazards. 

Treatment of life-threatening injuries should almost always take precedence over measures to address radioactive, chemical, or biological contamination or exposure. Injured individuals should be stabilized if possible and immediately transported to a medical facility. It is recommended that an individual with training in the areas of radioactive, chemical, and biological hazards accompany the first patients to the hospital and serve as an advisor to the medical team. 

For biological hazards that include bacterial, viral or mammalian cultures, follow stringent precautionary measure as per the lab safety standards. 

The approach described above is tailored to single chemical exposure assessments, although the general process could also be used for other types of hazards (e.g., biological hazards). Sometimes the focus of an exposure assessment will not be an assessment of human and ecological exposures to... 

Haddad, S., R. Tardif, C. Viau, and K. Krishnan. 1999a. A modelling approach to account for toxicokinetic interaction in the calculation of biological hazard index for chemical mixtures. Toxicol. Lett. 108 303-308. 

Isolation of test systems and individual projects to protect from biological hazards... 

The biological hazards from HLW and SUF are dominated by 30, and during the first centuries after discharge from the... 

Inc, "Atomic Radiations, Theory, Biological Hazards, Safety Measurements, Treatment of Injury, RCA, Camden, Nj(1957) 55)G.P. 

A panel discussion at the end of the book describes the potential biological hazards of drinking water and the needs and applications of the analytical methods presented in the book. This panel discussion is essential to the reader s understanding of the often complex chemistry-toxicology-water treatment-regulators interface. We hope that the reader will enjoy the panel discussion, not only for the technical content, but also for insight into the personal philosophies of the participants. 

Aerosol An aerosol is the spray of small fluid droplets that can be generated particularly when the nozzle of a flow cytometer is vibrated for sorting applications. If samples contain material that may be a biological hazard, attention should be paid to containment of the aerosol by suction through small-pore, hydrophobic filters. 

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