Perchloro ethylene

Ethyne is the starting point for the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, amongst which the most important are acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, ethanal, ethanoic acid, tri- and perchloro-ethylene, neoprene and polyvinyl alcohol. Processes such as vinylation, ethinylation, carbonylation, oligomerization and Reppe processes offer the possibility of producing various organic chemicals cheaply. Used in oxy-acetylene welding. 

NOTE - Petrochemical plants also generate significant amounts of solid wastes and sludges, some of which may be considered hazardous because of the presence of toxic organics and heavy metals. Spent caustic and other hazardous wastes may be generated in significant quantities examples are distillation residues associated with units handling acetaldehyde, acetonitrile, benzyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, cumene, phthallic anhydride, nitrobenzene, methyl ethyl pyridine, toluene diisocyanate, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, perchloro-ethylene, aniline, chlorobenzenes, dimethyl hydrazine, ethylene dibromide, toluenediamine, epichlorohydrin, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, and vinyl chloride. 

Albert R. E. et al., The Carcinogen Assessment Group s Carcinogenic Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloro-ethylene)," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980. 

Unlike petroleum hydrocarbons, organic compounds in general followed a different evolutionary path. Chlorinated solvents are a common group of organic compounds, and are also the most frequently encountered contaminant in groundwater. Common industrial chemicals that are characterized as chlorinated solvents include trichloro-ethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), tetrachloroethene (PCE) or perchloro-ethylene, chlorofluorocarbon (Freon)-113 (i.e., 1,1,2-trichloroethane or 1,2,2-tri-fluoroethane), and methylene chloride. In 1997, the EPA reported the presence of TCE and PCE in 852 of 945 groundwater supply systems throughout the United States and in 771 of 1420 Superfund sites. 

Ethene, l,2-Dichlorot Ethene, trichloro-Ethene, tetrachloro- (perchloro ethylene)... 

Manufacturer Thickness (mm) Perchloro- ethylene p-Xylene n-Butyl acetate Ethanol n-Hexane... 

Forms azeotropic mixts with butyl ale, acetic acid, heptane, toluene, nitroethane, perchloro-ethylene, w, etc. Prepn is by reacting propyl ale with coned nitric acid (d 1.41 g/cc) dissolved in ethylacetate at 20°, followed by distn of the product. NPN can also be prepd by reacting a continuous stream of propyl ale below the surface of stirred mixed acid (20% nitric acid, 68% sulfuric acid and 12% w by wt) in a cooled (0—5°) open stainless steel vessel. Addnl mixed acid is also simultaneously introduced at about a third of the depth of the liq. An overflow pipe maintains a constant reactant level and the effluent prod is sepd, washed with 10% aq Na carbonate soln and dried by passage thru a Filtrol packed tower. Contact time of reactants can vary from 0.6 to 15 mins using about 50% isopropanol at 0° to yield 66.5% NPN (Ref 3b)... 

Solvent Extraction. Spent clay oil recovery by solvent extraction with hexane may be accomplished after hltration, either directly from the cake in the filter or after the cake has been removed from the filter (99). Any exposure of the cake to air prior to extraction will cause rapid deterioration of the fatty material. Depending on the intended use of the oil, perchloro-ethylene or methyl chloride may be effectively employed as solvents (98). 

Hexachlorobutadiene is an industrial by-product of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and perchloro-ethylene production and is used as a solvent for elastomers, heat transfer liquids, transformer fluids, and hydraulic fluids. Hexachlorobutadiene may still be used in certain countries as a fumigant. It is also released during refuse combustion and is found in fly ash. 

Properties Colorless liquid. Bp 99.5C, d 1.236 (25/ 25C), refr index 1.4257 (25C), flash p 72F (22.2C) (OC). Soluble in benzene, ether, heptane, perchloro-ethylene readily hydrolyzed with liberation of hydrogen chloride. 

Vinylidene Chloride Trichloro- ethylene Perchloro- ethylene... 

Aggazzotti G., Fantuzzi G., Predieri G., Righi E. and Moscardelli S. (1994) Indoor exposure to perchloro-ethylene (PCE) in individuals living with dry-cleaning workers. Sci. Total Envir., 156, 133-137. 

Activated carbon origin Carbon tetrachloride Perchloro -ethylene Trichloro- ethylene Toluene Chloro- benzene... 

Ketones or chlorinated hydrocarbons, especially trichloroethylene, perchloro-ethylene, or dichloromethane, are used to degrease metals [14.251], [14.252]. The chlorinated hydrocarbons used to degrease light metals are stabilized to prevent the metal-catalyzed elimination of hydrogen chloride. The solvent mixture [14.253]-[14.256] for metal degreasing are being replaced by aqueous systems [14.257], [14.258] due to more stringent environmental protection requirements. See also Section 8.2.1.2. 

Property Methylene Chloride Perchloro- ethylene 1,1,1-Tri-chloroe thane Trichloro- ethylene Trichloro- trifluoro- ethane (CFC-113)"... 

Regfiialion Tran.s-1,2-dichloro ethylene Triciiloro ethylene Perchloro ethylene Methylene Chloride... 

Perchloro-ethylene about 0.1 about 0.02 about O.r about 0.17 about 0.7 about 0.9 about 160 CM ... 

I.Substitution Qfo nonhydrdgenous liquid (perchloro-,ethylene, G3CI4) both foi furnace cooling and off-gas scrubbing... 

Solubility sol acetone, benzene, ethyl ether, heptane, perchloro-ethylene. 

Description (at STP) Volatile, colourless liquid, sweet odour Volatile, colourless liquid, sweet odour Volatile, colourless liquid, sweet odour Crystalline, aromatic, white, solid hydrocarbon. Odour of mothballs Volatile, colourless liquid with mildly sweet odour. Also known as tetra-chloroethylene, PERC, perchloro-ethylene, and PCE. Colourless volatile liquid with sweet odour like chloroform. Vapour is much denser than air. Also known as trichloroethylene, ethylene trichloride, TCE and trilene Colourless gas with slightly sweet odour... 

Trichloro- ethane Petroleum solvent Perchloro- ethylene Solvent-11 Solvent 113... 

Pentachloro- ethane 1 Perchloro- ethylene 1 Tetrachloro ethane Trichloro- ethylene I 1 Vinylidene Chloride 1 Methyl Chloroform ... 

Perchloro- ethylene 23 50 1 1 7 2 Good resistance Poor resistance loss of mechanical properties swelling Lastil LATI Industrie Termoplastici S.p.a. II... 

Perchloro- ethylene 23 1 5 Fair resistance Later LATI Industrie Termoplastici S.p.a. 

Uses Emuisifer and thickener for cosmetic and industriai emuisions iubricant and softener in textiles opadfer and emuisifer in cosmetics Properties Wh. waxy flakes sol. in min. oil and spirits, aromatic soiv, perchloro-ethylene water-disp. HLB 7.8 sapon. no. 120-130 100% act. 

Uses Coemulsifier intennediale for phosphate and high foaming sulfates detergent, dispersant for petroleum oils corrosion inhibitor for 2-cycle engine oils Properties Liq. insol. in water sol. in min. oil, min. spirits, toluene, and perchloro-ethylene HLB 8.9 cloud pt. < 20 C Sipol NP-10 [Lubrizol Advanced Materials)... 

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