Poly biodegradable

Other bacterial strains identified as biodegrading poly(vinyl alcohol) iaclude Flavobacterium (95) 2in.dFicinetobacter (96) and many others, as well as fungi, molds, and yeasts (97). Industrial evaluations at Du Pont (98) and Air Products (99) iadicate that over 90% of poly(vinyl alcohol) entering wastewater treatment plants is removed, and hence no environmental pollution is likely. 

FIGURE 9.32 Analysis of biodegradable poly(lactic acid). Columns PSS PFG 100 + 1000. Eluent TFE + 0.1 M NatFat. Temp 2S°C. Detection UV 230 nm, Rl. Calibration PSS PMMA ReadyCal kit. 

Finally, the synthesis of biodegradable poly(hydroxyalkanoic acids) (PHA) by bacteria or genetically modified plants should be mentioned. The microbiology, biochemistry, and genetics of PHA biosynthesis have been reviewed by several authors52,105,405 407 and are beyond the scope of this chapter. 

Zhenyang, Y., Jingbo, Y., Shifeng, Y., Yongtao, X., Jia, M. and Xuesi, G. 2007. Biodegradable poly(L-lactide)/poly(3-caprolactone)-modified montmorillonite nanocomposites Preparation and characterization. Polymer 48 6439-6447. 

Wang S, Andrew CA, et al. A new nerve guide conduit material composed of a biodegradable poly (phosphoester). Biomaterials, 2001, 22, 1157-1169. 

Guan JJ, Sacks MS, Beckman EJ, and Wagner WR. Synthesis, characterizadon, and cytocompadbility of elastomeric, biodegradable poly(ester-urethane) ureas based on poly(caprolactone) and pudescine. J Biomed Mater Res, 2002, 61, 493-503. 

Bmin P, Veensda GJ, Nijenhuis AJ, and Pennings AJ. Design and synthesis of biodegradable poly(ester-urethane) elastomer networks composed of non toxic building blocks. Makromol Chem Rapid Common, 1988, 9, 589. 

The concept of fibrous polymer formulations was extended to the delivery of aquatic herbicides (56). Several herbicides including Diquat, Fluridone, and Endothal were spun into biodegradable poly-caprolactone. Monolithic fibers and a modified monolithic system were produced with levels of herbicide from 5 to 60% by weight. Laboratory and field trials showed efficacious delivery of the active agent. Fibers provided both targeted localized delivery and controlled release of the herbicide to the aquatic weed. 

Heller, J., Penhale, D. W. H., Fritzinger, B. K., Rose, J. E., and Helwing, R. F., Controlled release of contraceptive steroids from biodegradable poly(ortho esters), Contracept. Deliv. Syst., 4, 43-53, 1983. 

Heller, J., and Himmelstein, K. J., Biodegradable poly (ortho esters) as drug delivery forms, in Directed Drug Delivery (R. 

Biodegradable poly(phosphoester-urethanes) containing bisglycophosphite as the chain extender were synthesized. Methylene bis-4-phenyl isocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) were initially used as diisocyanates. Since there was a concern that the degradation products could be toxic, the ethyl 2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate (LDI) was synthesized and replaced the MDI (or TDI). The hydrolytic stability and solubility of these polymers were tested. Preliminary release studies of 5-fluorouracil from MDI based poly(phosphoester-urethane) and methotrexate from LDI based poly(phosphoester-urethane) are also reported. 

R Bodmeier, HG Chen. Evaluation of biodegradable poly(lactide) pellets prepared by direct compression. J Pharm Sci 78 819-822, 1989. 

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of biodegradable poly(malic acid) was performed by lipase-catalyzed polymerization of benzyl /J-malolactone, followed by the debenzylation [72]. The addition of a small amount of /J-PL (17 mol % for the monomer) increased Mw up to 3 x 104 [73]. 

S)-Isopropylmorpholine-2,5-dione, six-membered depsipeptide, was polymerized by lipase PC and PPL catalysts [112]. High temperature (100°C or 130°C) was required for the polymerization, yielding biodegradable poly(de-psipeptide). During the polymerization, the racemization of the valine residue took place. Demonstrated was PPL-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of ethylene isopropyl phosphate, five-membered cyclic phosphate [113]. 

PSA compositions must have a good balance of different properties, depending on its specific application. PSAs for adhesive tapes for instance, must have a good adhesion, cohesion, stretchiness and elasticity. Furthermore the base polymers must be elastomers at room temperature [124]. Due to its elastomeric behavior and biodegradability, poly(HAMCL) seems to be a promising base polymer for the development of a completely biodegradable PSA. 

Jiang W, Gupta RK, Deshpande MC et al (2005) Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles for injectable delivery of vaccine antigens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57 391 —410... 

Tachibana Y, Kurisawa M, Uyama H et al (2003) Thermo- and pH-responsive biodegradable poly(a-A-substituted y-glutamine)s. Biomacromolecules 4 1132-1134... 

Waeckerle-Men Y, Allmen EU, Gander B et al (2006) Encapsulation of proteins and peptides into biodegradable poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres prolongs and enhances antigen presentation by human dendritic cells. Vaccine 24 1847-1857... 

Singh, M., A. Singh, G.P. Talwar, Controlled Delivery of Diphtheria Toxoid Using Biodegradable Poly(D, L-Lactide) Microcapsules, Pharmaceutical Research. 8, 958, 1991. 

The main disadvantage in using poly(acrylamide) systems is that they are not biodegradable and the monomers are toxic. Extensive purification is also required to remove the organic solvents, anionic surfactants, and residual monomers. Edman et al. [74] produced biodegradable poly(acryldextran) particles by incorporating dextran into the poly(acrylamide) chain. These particulate systems were metabolized and eliminated faster, both in vivo and in vitro, than poly(acrylamide) particles. 

BIOCONJUGATION OF BIODEGRADABLE POLY (LACTIC/GLYCOLIC ACID) TO PROTEIN, PEPTIDE, AND ANTI-CANCER DRUG AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY FOR ACHIEVING CONTROLLED RELEASE FROM MICRO- AND NANOPARTICLES TAE GWAN PARK... 

Bioconjugation of Biodegradable Poly (lactic/glycolic acid) to Protein, Peptide, and Anti-Cancer Drug An Alternative Pathway for Achieving Controlled Release from Micro- and Nanoparticles... 

MATSUMURA YOSHIKAWA Biodegradable Poly(carbo add) Design 129... 

Chen W, Pang M, Xiao M, Wang S, Wen L, Meng Y (2010) Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of glass fiber-reinforced biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) composites. J Rein Plast Comp 29 1545-1550... 

Ma X, Chang PR, Yu J, Wang N (2008) Preparation and properties of biodegradable poly (propylene carbonate)/thermoplastic dried starch composites. Carbohydr Polym 71(2) ... 

Keywords Biodegradation Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol)... 

Tamai H, Igaki K, Tsuji T, et al. A biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid coronary stent in porcine coronary artery. J Interv Cardiol 1999 12 443-450. 

Sorrentino, A., Gorrasi, G., Tortora, M., Vittoria, V., Costantino, U., Marmottini, F., et al. (2005). Incorporation of Mg-Al hydrotalcite into a biodegradable poly(3-caprolactone) by high energy ball milling. Polymer, 46, 1601-1608. 

Wagner et al. (3) prepared elastomeric materials consisting of biodegradable poly(urea-urethanes), (II), containing microintegrated cells that were useful as pulmonary valves, vocal chords, and blood vessels. 

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