Corn, genetically modified

The recent introduction of genetically modified crops has changed both the agriculture and food industries. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) surveys report that 25% of corn, 61% of cotton and 54% of soybean acreage grown in the USA in 2000 were genetically modified. ... 

Edible food sources have been tested to deliver vaccines orally for example, transgenic potato tuber-based vaccines have been developed. Other food sources, such as bananas, tomatoes, and corn, are being tested in laboratories (see Section 11.12). Mucosal vaccines, utilizing genetically modified enterotox-ins, are delivered intranasally. Research in this area has to ensure the safety aspect of using enterotoxins. 

Spencer, J. D., AUee, G. L., and Sauber, T. E. (2000). Phosphorus bioavailabiUty and digestibility of normal and genetically modified low-phytate corn for pigs. /. Anim. Sci. 78, 675-681. 

Although we will not get to herbicides until later, it is appropriate to mention a very popular herbicide here. Glyphosate (also widely known as Round-Up) is the most widely used pesticide in the United States. In 2001, 40-50 million kilograms of glyphosate was used in the United States. This herbicide is used in conjunction with Round-Up Ready corn and soybeans, crops that have been genetically modified to be resistant to Round-Up. Thus, the entire field can be sprayed, and the weeds will die but the crop will not. 

The use of genetically modified corn and cotton has increased over 10-fold from 1992 to 1999 and as of 2002, 50 crop species have been evaluated for uses by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the development of transgenic crops, genes isolated from several varieties of the bacterium. Bacillus thuringienses (Bt) are probably the best known and most often cited example of GMO development. 

Mechanism and kinetics in biochemical systems describe the cellular reactions that occur in living cells. Biochemical reactions involve two or three phases. For example, aerobic fermentation involves gas (air), liquid (water and dissolved nutrients), and solid (cells), as described in the Biocatalysis subsection above. Bioreactions convert feeds called substrates into more cells or biomass (cell growth), proteins, and metabolic products. Any of these can be the desired product in a commercial fermentation. For instance, methane is converted to biomass in a commercial process to supply fish meal to the fish farming industry. Ethanol, a metabolic product used in transportation fuels, is obtained by fermentation of corn-based or sugar-cane-based sugars. There is a substantial effort to develop genetically modified biocatalysts that produce a desired metabolite at high yield. 

Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods The Invasion of the Killer Corn or New Veggies to the Rescue ... 

Baez ). State of the Science Role of Transgenic Technology in the Biosynthesis of Bio-Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Protein. 2004 (Corn-Produced Pharmaceuticals and Industrials Risk Assessment Symposium, sponsored by the Biosafety Institute for Genetically Modified Agricultural Products Symposium,... 

Emission of intrinsic fluorophores of crops depends on the structure of their microenvironments (molecular and / or cellular levels). We are going to describe here the emission of different varieties of corns (standard known as Safran, the amylose extender mutant and sweet) and of different varieties of white rice (Surinam, Thai, Sherbati and Basmati). Our results indicate that within each species, each variety has a characteristic fluorescence. Also we compared the emission of non genetically modified and genetically modified soya. Genetically modified organisms display fluorescence emission spectra different from those of the same non-GMO variety. 

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