Microorganisms genetically modified

ChE will be challenged to develop creative process for recycling of waste materials, rather than burning or discarding them. One potential process is bioremediation, using genetically modified microorganisms to decompose the waste. This approach has already been applied to the treatment of oil spills. 

MERCENIER A, wiEDERMANN u, BREITENEDER H (2001) Edible genetically modified microorganisms and plants for improved health. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 12 510-5. 

The importance of including soil-based parameters in rhizosphere simulations has been emphasized (56). Scott et al. u.sed a time-dependent exudation boundary condition and a layer model to predict how introduced bacteria would colonize the root environment from a seed-based inoculum. They explicitly included pore size distribution and matric potential as determinants of microbial growth rate and diffusion potential. Their simulations showed that the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere and their vertical colonization were sensitive to the matric potential of the soil. Soil structure and pore size distribution was also predicted to be a key determinant of the competitive success of a genetically modified microorganism introduced into soil (57). The Scott (56) model also demonstrated that the diffusive movement of root exudates was an important factor in determining microbial abundance. Results from models that ignore the spatial nature of the rhizosphere and treat exudate concentration as a spatially averaged parameter (14) should therefore be treated with some caution. 

Chemicals not on the TSCA Inventory are considered new chemicals and must go through a review process before they can be marketed. Certain genetically modified microorganisms also come under the definition of new chemicals. 

Table 3.4 Food enzymes produced by genetically modified microorganisms (Source ...

Klier, A. (1992). Release of genetically modified microorganisms in natural environments scientific and ethical problems. In Gene Transfers and Environment, ed. M. J. Gauthier, pp. 183-90. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 

Estimate the number of generations of growth needed for genetically modified microorganisms from 1 mL culture to a 33,000L production-scale fermenter. Assume that the inoculum size in each stage of the... 

A problem in the biotechnological synthesis of indigo is the disposal of the large amounts of biomass produced. Application as a fertilizer is not yet a ready option, because of the possible liberation of genetically modified microorganisms. Alternative disposal methods, such as an efficient clarification plant or incineration, are associated with additional costs. 

Many preparations are available for the treatment of diabetics with insulin. Rittel et al.128) described total synthesis of human insulin in 1974. Since that time new ways of obtaining insulin have been developed, namely the E. Lilly Co. biotechnological synthesis by genetically modified microorganisms l29) (DNA recombination)... 

In the digestive tract, genetically modified microorganisms can either carry out a reaction of bioconversion or produce compounds of interest. The bioconversion reaction can lead either to the production of an active product or to the removal of undesirable compounds. The active compound produced in situ can be secreted in the digestive medium [5], be bound to the cells [6,7], or accumulate inside the cells and be released in the digestive environment by cell lysis [8]. 

Industrial production of organic acids Discovery of penicillin commercial production since 1941 Industrial production of amino acids Industrial production of enzymes Introduction of genetically modified microorganisms, production of insulin... 

If a business is importing chemicals or chemical-containing items into the United States, that business must determine whether or not any chemical imported in bulk or as a part of a mixture, is a TSCA chemical substance and/or a new chemical substance prior to its importation for a nonexempt commercial purpose. Under Section 5 of TSCA, persons who intend to manufacture or import a new chemical substance into the United States must seek EPA approval by submitting a premanufacture notice (PMN) to EPA at least 90 days prior to importation to enable EPA to determine whether the new chemical may present an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. A new chemical substance is one that is not already in commerce in the United States, as determined by inclusion in the TSCA Inventory of Chemical Substances maintained by EPA. New chemical substances include certain genetically modified microorganisms. 

EFSA (2011) Scientific opinion—guidance on the risk assessment of genetically modified microorganisms and their products intended for food and feed use. EFSA J 9 1-54... 

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