Areas for Further Research

It is hoped that this chapter has transmitted two general points that it is relatively straightforward to adapt latex colloids for use as electrochemical labels, and that very little has been done in this field up to now. Some possible further directions for research are as follows  

Increasing the nanoparticle loading on the latex spheres via the autocatalj ic metal deposition previously described [35, 36]. 

Increasing the nanoparticle loading on the hollow capsules by finding a way to load the central volume of the capsules, rather than just the capsule walls. 

Applying either latex or capsule labels to multianal3Ae detection by preparing labels loaded with different metals. 

Designing a cell arrangement to reduce the electrol3Ae volume needed for ASV. This would increase sensitivity by increasing the concentration of the liberated metal ions. 

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Rheo-NMR [86] methods have been shown to be well-suited to emulsion rheology studies [28] and could be combined with any of the topics described above. The combination of structural and rheological measurements is a promising area for further research. 

The potential of the techniques described here is just beginning to be realized. Our approach is clearly well-suited to studying the photochemistry of virtually any (volatile) transition metal carbonyl and the spectroscopy of the fragments thus obtained. Kinetic data on these fragments is similarly accessible. Important areas for further research appear to be ... 

The nationwide and regional pattern of Hg concentrations in stream sediments is of general interest because it establishes priority areas for further research... 

The management concepts focus on the primary activities in the value chain. Management concepts for support functions such as human resources, information technology or corporate finance are out-of-scope in this work. The integration of support management concepts into value chain management is an area for further research. 

Values in the industry value chain are subjects of financial accounting, profit and cost controlling as well as value-based management research. Out of the scope is the value chain support function of corporate finance concerned with getting required or investing excess financial resources in financial markets, which is not a core activity in the industry value chain and out of the scope in this work. The integration of value chain management with corporate finance is a potential area for further research. 

New opporturrities for approaches aimed at the practical reduction of risks emanating from hazardous substances (beyond the scope of REACH) are two promising areas for further research and development. Specifically,... 

These studies are not very useful for a hazard assessment but may be useful for identifying priority areas for further research. 

The imidazoUdinonium salt 12 HC1 was shown to be an excellent catalyst for the Diels-Alder reaction of a,P-unsaturated aldehydes 15 (Scheme 2) [3]. Using just 5 mol% of the catalyst at room temperature in a methanol/water mixture (19 1), adducts were obtained in excellent yield (75-99%) and enantiomeric excess (84-93%). The simplicity of these transformations, operating at room temperature in the presence of moisture and air without the need for rigorous purification of solvents and reagents, makes these procedures highly practical and opened up a new area for further research. 

This book is split into six well-defined chapters Salient Features of Explosives, Status of Explosives, Processing and Assessment of Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, and Explosive and Chemical Safety. Further, the book includes an exhaustive bibliography at the end of each chapter (total references cited are more than 1000). It also provides the status of HEMs reported mainly during the last 50 years, including their prospects for military applications in the light of their physical, chemical, thermal and explosive properties. The likely development areas for further research are also highlighted. Accidents, fires and explosions in the explosive and chemical industries may be eliminated or minimized if the safety measures described in this book are implemented. 

The local aspects of liquid-liquid two-phase flow in RE has been the focus of CFD analysis by different research groups (123-126). In principle, all aspects concerning single-phase flow phenomena (residence time distribution, impeller discharge flow rate, etc.) can be tackled, even with complex geometries. However, the two-phase CFD is still a challenge, and the droplet interactions (breakup and coalescence) and mass transfer are not implemented in commercially available codes. Thus these issues constitute an open area for further research and development (127). 

Although thiadiazoles have been known for a long time, of the four possible isomers, 1,2,3-thiadiazoles account for the fewest literature citations. A substantial amount of this literature has dealt with thermal and photochemical reactions of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles, and most recently attention has been focused on mesoionic derivatives. Still, the many gaps that exist in our knowledge leave this field a fertile area for further research. 

The complexity of formation of mesophase must not be underestimated. With the exception of a few model compounds, it is the industrial pitch which is the source of mesophase. Such materials contain thousands of reactive molecules and there is an interdependence in the carbonization system which currently is known to us but not analyzed in depth. This is an area for further research. Formation of mesophase is further complicated because it involves chemistry within a fluid/plastic system of increasing viscosity. And in the delayed coker, volatile release and liquid turbulence are yet additional factors in influencing final structure in mesophase. 

The committee believes that this is an important area for further research and that it should be pursued vigorously to find the best chemicals for this use and to improve the economics of their manufacture and regeneration. The DOE should also continue to encourage other game-changing concepts because of the pivotal importance of this need to the future of fuel-cell-powered vehicles. 

Although inefficient and mechanistically mysterious, these transformations highlight the reactivity inherent in the C—H bond of unsubstituted dithiolenes, a fertile area for further research (see Eq. 20). Benzenehexathiolate complexes can also of course be prepared by reactions of metal salts with C6(SH)6 or its salts (see Section II.A) (144, 146). 

Ti(>2 is a basic and simple material, and more than thirty years have passed since the discovery of the Ti(>2 photocatalytic reaction. The wettability of solid surfaces is also a basic and familiar property. It is amazing that the excellent characteristics (high hydrophilicity among other properties) of the already well understood TiC>2 were discovered only recently. In this paper, we introduced the surface reconstruction model of hydroxyl groups as the mechanism for the highly hydrophilic conversion. However, areas for further research still remain. 

In this book, we focus primarily on control structure selection. Interactions between design and control are illustrated by examples, and the effects of design parameters on control are discussed. However, we do not present a synthesis procedure for process design that is capable of generating the most conriollable flowsheet for a given chemistry. This is still very much an open area for further research. 

Like the AKH/RPCH peptides, insect PDFs and crustacean PDHs are now an established family of neuropeptides common to arthropods. Whereas the fimctions of AKHs are varied and well defined in insects, the function of PDFs in insects remains unknown. The immunocytochemical distribution of PDF in the cephalic nervous tissues of orthopteran insects points to a neuromodulatory role, with potential functions in circadian rhythms this would be an exciting area for further research. 

Even before the anthrax attack in 2001, a variety of detection systems had been developed for potential bioterror agents. A systematic review published in January 2004 identified publicly available articles on 55 such systems (Bravata et al., 2004). Various technologies were represented, including biomass indicators and identification systems targeting toxins, metabolic byproducts, antigens or DNA for selected agents. A key point made by the authors was that only eight of the published articles included evaluation data, and they identified system evaluation as an important area for further research. 

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