Further Fields

So far our searches have been processed in the Basic Index. When authors, patent assignees and publication years are retrieved, field qualifiers must inevitably be added. 

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Surfactants have been widely used to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and soil, thus enhancing the efficiency of rinsing oil from soil. Numerous environmentally safe and relatively inexpensive surfactants are commercially available. Table 18.6 lists some surfactants and their chemical properties.74 The data in Table 18.6 are based on laboratory experimentation therefore, before selection, further field testing on their performance is recommended. The Texas Research Institute75 demonstrated that a mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants resulted in contaminant recovery of up to 40%. A laboratory study showed that crude oil recovery was increased from less than 1% to 86%, and PCB recovery was increased from less than 1% to 68% when soil columns were flushed with an aqueous surfactant solution.74-76... 

The pesticide component of SWRRB takes into account the fate of the chemical applied under field conditions For example, the amount of pesticide actually reaching the ground after application over a plant canopy is calculated. Further, field dissipation of the chemical by photolysis on leaf surfaces as well as degradation in the soil is accounted for with the pesticide component of SWRRB. Leaching of the pesticide below the top 1cm of soil is also computed and runoff corrected for such losses. Further, adsorption of the pesticide to soil surfaces and sediment is taken into account by SWRRB. 

For example, as the result of a great effort in Europe in the fifties, there was a switch from coal to oil as the feedstock. Only the petrochemical industry was able to supply the increasingly large amounts of raw materials for plastics. This is particularly true of benzene and ethylene, the two starting materials for styrene monomer and polystyrene. Ever-growing capacities and plants supplied these chemicals up to 1973 at ever lower prices which brought down the price of polystyrene and opened up further fields of applications. 

Finally, at the conclusion of a 10 April 1963 briefing on Operation Derby Hat, the deputy ACSI directed that no further field testing with EA 1729 (LSD) be... 

Experience has followed an iterative pattern in playing the model exercises against field measurements. Usually, the first indication of the relative importance of variables is seen in bodies of observational data. The next step is to build a model on the basis of either intuition or a deterministic physical equation that reflects the trends seen in the data. The model is then used for the range of conditions in the data base, and uncertainties as to the correctness or completeness of the model become evident. The questions that arise can usually be answered only through further field experimentation. Thus, the models themselves are used in the design of both laboratory and field experiments that will ultimately provide a basis for the improvement of the modeling art. 

Johnson et determined the variation in response of 16 sweet com hybrids to ambient oxidants in California. From these observations, Cameron and Taylor selected five inbreds and three of their Fi hybrids for further field studies and four inbreds and two hybrids... 

Further field work in the original home region of these Indians will be necessary for a full understanding of this interesting hallucinogen. Interest in this newly discovered... 

The ion reaction can be a photo-dissociation reaction or a further field ionization reaction followed by Coulomb repulsive dissociation. For simplicity, the compound ions, (A/ + m)n+, are assumed to be formed right at the surface. Let us assume that an (A/ + m)n+ ion is dissociated by the ion reaction at x where x < l. The total flight time of the Mn+ ion formed at x is given by... 

A further field of application for the 2D NOESY and the 2D ROESY experiment.s are dynamic systems, where exchange processes may be recognized and may be analysed quantitatively (EXCSY-spectroscopy). 

Christoffoleti et al. (1996) reported that after 7 years of annual application of imazaquin to control weeds in soybeans in Brazil, imazaquin failed to control hairy beggarticks. Further field experiments with other sulfonylureas... 

Until a more detailed understanding of mating behavior, dispersal behavior and a complete identification of additional pheromone components is achieved, further field work on mating disruption with budworm can only proceed on an empirical basis. Additionally, treatment effects will be difficult to interpret unequivocally due to the local and long range movements of budworm adults into and out... 

CIO and BrO, and thepossible impact of these reactions in marine air chemistry. Tne discussion of this impact shows the need for further field and laboratory data to better estimate the role of these reactions in marine air chemistry. 

Important further fields of BC research and development are already the subject of numerous original papers and review articles. Therefore, these topics are not part of this overview. This applies predominantly to recent knowledge on the biosynthesis of BC [6], its application as wound dressings in human medicine [7], the design of electronic paper [8] and the... 

In my view, hybrid receptor models are the most likely approach for provide reasonable answers to the sulfate deposition problem within a time that they might be of use in influencing controls that may be imposed on S02 and NO sources. This does not mean that there is no need for further field studies. The Allegheny Mt. and Deep Creek Lake data sets were taken so close together that one would feel much safer if similar data were available at several other sites, e.g., the three sites of the Ohio River Valley study (20) and one or two sites to the northeast of Allegheny Mt.,... 

Field measurements of concentrations of disparlure in air under woodland plots treated with three different slow release formulations showed that all released pheromone for about one month concentrations decreased about 80 in the first five days and 90-98 over 35 days. Between 75 and 85 of the disparlure remained in the formulations after 35 days even though release had became very slow. Measurements with other formulations containing tetradecenol formate applied to corn showed these were more efficient but not persistent enough to control Heliothis Zea for more than one month. No satisfactory measurements of concentrations in vapor plumes from point sources were possible even though these may be as effective as broadcasts. Further field research is limited by sampling and analysis techniques and the need for better micrometeorological data. 

These associations are, at present, only tentative and assume a roughly single-stage lead isotope evolution, with negligible contamination of the copper ore deposits by lead derived from older country rocks. Nevertheless, this approach should be used as a basis for further field exploration of the areas in question. The mines and ore deposits in north and northwestern Turkey have recently been explored by a team from the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg (42, 59), and we hope that there will soon be more information available for the lead isotope fingerprints of Anatolian ore sources. Information available so far proves only that Troy did not get copper from its hinterland and does not identify its source. 

On the basis of laboratory and field results, the soluble acrylic system was chosen for further field trials. The formulation (code //1692) was tested on 210 hectares, 13 separate fields in Arizona and California during the 1982 growing season. Each test field was compared to a standard field, treated either with a chemical regime or a commercial pheromone product, located in the immediate vicinity. The efficacy assessment was based on trap catch reduction and boll infestation control. The treatment rate was 6.9 liters of formulation per hectare. This represented a rate of 3.7 grams pheromone and 36.9 grams pyrethroid per hectare. Treatment intervals were approximately ten days apart and the applications... 

The malonyl derivative 646 plays an important role in the metabolism of 6 (e.g. Refs 715-719). Possible applications of 6 or other ethylene producing reagents such as plant growth regulators (e.g. Refs 318, 720-725), in the facilitation of the falling and harvesting of olives 26 Qj. further fields 37 described in review Ref. 709. 

Second, risk assessment is a process of hypothesis generation. The uncertainty of a risk assessment can be reduced if at least a part of the hypothesis can be tested and found to be confirmed. A method of accomplishing this is to perform further field research designed to test the causality hypotheses. 

Smith MI, Westfall BB. 1937. Further field studies on the selenium problem in relation to public health. Public Health Rep 52 1375-1384. 

The smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes honmai) uses (/ )-124 as a minor component of its pheromone bouquet, and (R)- 2A was slightly more active than (5)-124. Further field tests suggest that there is an optimum R/S ratio of 95 5 for trapping of males.146... 

A number of problems have arisen in our discussion of the evolution and operation of the sedimentary system of Long Island Sound that remain unresolved. Further field work and analysis are needed on these. We summarize below some of the more interesting ones. 

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