FCC catalyst deactivation a review and directions for further research

FCC Catalyst Deactivation A Review and Directions for further Research 

Various forms of catalyst deactivation in FCC and the consequences for catalyst activity and selectivity are reviewed. 

The complexity of the inter-relations between catalyst deactivation by aging, poisoning and fouling and the effect on heat balance and catalyst circulation rate are described. For catalyst poisoning at high metal contents as well as for hydrothermal aging with low metals, cyclic deactivation of the catalyst in various age fractions is the preferred route for a realistic simufation and quantification of these phenomena. 

The ability of a catalyst to rapidly deactivate the deposited poisons as nickel and vanadium is an important feature. 

Several factors contribute to the effect of coke on deactivation. The amount of hydrocarbons ( soft coke) entrained to the regenerator depends on the properties of the aged catalyst. 

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