Electrodes positive

Computer Control. The use of computer systems to control the operation of submerged arc furnaces, including calcium carbide, has been successfully demonstrated in the United States (see Expert systems Process control). Operations direcdy under control are mix batching, electrode position and sHp control, carbide gas yield, power control, and cooling water systems. Improvements in energy usage, operating time, and product quaHty are obtained. 

R. K. Pandey, S.N. Sahu, S. Chandra, Handbook of Semiconductor Electrode-position", Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996, ISBN 0-8247-9701-9. 

Actuators based on dielectric elastomer technology operate on a simple principle as shown in Figure 10.4. When an electric field is apphed to the electrodes, positive charges appear on one... 

Cathodic deposition of lead sulfide from acidic aqueous solutions of Pb(II) ions (nitrate salts mainly) and Na2S203 on various metallic substrates at room temperature has been reported. Stoichiometric PbS films composed of small crystallites (estimated XRD diameter 13 nm) of RS structure were obtained at constant potential on Ti [204]. Also, single-phase, polycrystalline thin films of RS PbS were electrode-posited potentiostatically on Ti, Al, and stainless steel (SS) [205]. It was found that the Al and Ti substrates promoted growth of PbS with prominent (200) and (111)... 

Szabo JP, Cocivera M (1986) Composition and performance of thin film CdSe electrode-posited from selenosulfite solution. J Electrochem Soc 133 1247-1252... 

In the design of membrane-type fuel cell stacks (batteries), membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) are used, which consist of a sheet of membrane and of the two electrodes (positive and negative) pressed onto it from either side. 

The discharge compartment is mechanically separated from the ionization chamber by an optically transparent window made of setal fluoride. The effluent from the column passes through the themostated ionization chamber and between two electrodes, positioned at opposite ends of the chamber. Detectors with ionization chamber volumes of 40 and 175 microliters are available for use with capillary columns and of 175 and 225 microliters for packed columns. An electric field is applied between the electrodes to collect the ions formed (or electrons, if preferred) and the current amplified by a precision electrometer. It has been shown that careful thermostating of the detector is required to reduce baseline drift [107,109]. 

These techniques are especially useful for studies of the adsorption of reactants, intermediates and products of electrode reactions. The simplest case corresponds to adsorption that is so strong that the electrode can be removed from the solution, rinsed and its activity measured without interference from desorption. When this procedure is impossible, the activity of the adsorbate can be measured by the electrode lowering method . The radioactive counter is placed under the bottom of the cell, which is made of a plastic foil. The electrode can be located at large distances from the bottom or can be placed so close to the bottom that only a thin layer of solution remains beneath it. The radioactivity values at the two electrode positions permit determination of the adsorbate activity. This procedure can be repeated many times, thus supplying data on the kinetics of the adsorption process. 

Reference electrode position from leading edge, cm... 

Fig. 4. Artist s drawing of the stimulator, silicone rubber tube or guidance channel, and the electrical circuit within the spinal cord. The tube was implanted into the dorsal spinal cord. The uninsulated tip of the cathodal electrode (negative) was sealed within the center of the tube, while the anodal electrode (positive) remained outside the vertebral column, sutured to paravertebral musculature. The body of the stimulator was surgically placed within the fat pad at the base of the guinea-pig s neck. To complete a circuit, current must flow initially into each end of the hollow tube as diagrammed. For diagrammatic purposes, the drawing is not made to scale. [Reproduced with permission from Borgens (1999).]...

CdTe Electrode position- Cd Deposition First at -0.700V, Followed by Te... 

It is a high-vacuum gage made up of two cathodes and one anode placed in a magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet (see Fig. 1.33). Electrons due to natural radioactivity or to field emission start a discharge in the gas. The presence of the magnetic field produces paths about 100 times longer than the distance between the electrodes. Positive ions are collected by the cathodes. 

Ballestra et al. [32] described a radiochemical measurement for determination of "technetium in rain, river, and seawater, which involved reduction to technetium (IV), followed by iron hydroxide precipitation and oxidation to the heptavalent state. Technetium (VII) was extracted with xylene and electrode-posited in sodium hydroxide solution. The radiochemical yield was determined by gamma counting on an anticoincidence shield GM-gas flow counter. The radiochemical yield of 50 to 150 litre water samples was 20-60%. 

Patoux, S. Materiaux d electrode positive a charpente polya nionique pour batteries au lithium Approches cristallochimiques et electrochimiques. These de Doctorat, L Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, 2003. 

Diffusion barriers are coatings that serve in that role specifically, protection against undesirable diffusion. One of the best examples is that of a 100- tm-thick electrode-posited copper layer that serves as an effective barrier against the diffusion of carbon. Another example is that of nickel and nickel alloys (notably, electrolessly deposited Ni-P) that block diffusion of copper into and through gold overplate. This is achieved by the deposition of a relatively thin Ni-P layer (less than 1 /mm) between the copper and its overlayer. Naturally, the effectiveness of the diffusion barrier increases with its thickness. Other factors in the effectiveness of a diffusion barrier... 

Crasto, A.S., Own, S.H. and Subramanian, R.V. (1988). The influence of the interphase on composite properties Poly(cthylene-co-acrylic acid) and poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) electrode-posited on graphite fibers. Polym. Composites 9, 78-92. 

The movement of particles in a gel due to electrodes (positive and negative) applied to opposite ends of the gel... 

The disposable micro-glucose sensor consisted of thin-film electrodes positioned on a glass substrate and a small sample chamber (the iimer volume of which weis only 20 nL) was brought into contact with a silicon chip. Measmements were possible with as little as 1 pL of sample. The sensor sUncture is depicted in Fig. 3.18.E. The 10 x 20 mm silicon chip had a V-shaped groove that was 100-pm in wide, 70-pm deep and 5-mm long, in addition to two square sample inlets and five contact holes to connect lead wires to electrodes, all of which were formed by anisotropically etching the silicon. Four working electrodes that were 200 pm in width, and one counter-electrode that was 1.5-mm wide, were formed on a Pyrex substrate. The silicon chip and the Pyrex substrate were thermally bonded. 

The ferrocenyl dendrimers were electrodeposited in their oxidized forms onto the electrode surfaces (platinum, glassy-caibon, and gold) either by controlled potential electrolysis or by repeated cycling between the appropriate anodic and cathodic potential limits therefore the amount of electroactive material electrode-posited can be controlled with the electrolysis time or the number of scans. The electrochemical behavior of films of the polyfeirocenyl dendrimers was studied by cyclic voltammetry in fresh CH2CI2 and CHjCN solutions containing only supporting electrolyte. 

Lynntech, Inc. s (Lynntech s), electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil technology is an in situ soil decontamination method that uses an electric current to transport soil contaminants. According to Lynntech, this technology uses both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrokinetic techniques (dielectrophoresis) to decontaminate soil containing heavy metals and organic contaminants. A non homogeneous electric field is applied between electrodes positioned in the soil. The field induces electrokinetic processes that cause the controlled, horizontal, and/or vertical removal of contaminants from soils of variable hydraulic permeabilities and moisture contents. 

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