Sedimentary systems

Nelson CH (1990) Post Messinian deposition rates and estimated river loads in the Ebro sedimentary system. In Nelson CH, Maldonado A (eds) Marine geology of the Ebro continental margin. Geology 95 395 -18... 

The cycle of iron solubilization will continue as long as bacteria and/or plants produce organic ligands.The cycle will stop when sulfate reduction rates are high and organic ligand production is low. At this point soluble hydrogen sulfide reacts with Fe(II) to form sulfide minerals. The iron cycle shown in Fig. 10.15 for salt marsh sediments may also occur in other marine sedimentary systems. 

An important consequence of such a model is that the effect of such sedimentary systems on the ocean Mo isotope budget is not represented by a, but rather by the relative fluxes of the isotopes across the sediment-water interface. This effective fractionation factor, is likely to be smaller than a (Bender 1990 Braudes and Devol 1997) because the diffusive zone acts as a barrier to isotope exchange with overlying waters, approximating a closed system. 

Based on these considerations, the importance of fractionation in suboxic sedimentary systems for the global ocean Mo isotope budget is probably modest. This conclusion follows from the magnitude of relative to ag. Mno, and the relatively modest importance of suboxic sediments as compared to Mn oxides for the global ocean Mo elemental budget (Morford and Emerson 1999 Emerson and Breckel personal communication). However, this prediction must be assessed by further studies in open ocean reducing sediments. 

It is obvious then that A1 is not synonymous with Fe in sedimentary mica-like minerals. The increasing influence of trivalent iron in a sedimentary system will obviously provoke the crystallization of a specific mineral series which is not contiguous with illite and which would not be present otherwise. The development of glauconite in sediments should be due to specific local conditions which permit the chemical evolution of an initial montmorillonite material to celadonite mica-like phase. In fact previous observations have consistently led to this conclusion as to the origin of glauconite in sediments and sedimentary rocks. 

Billen, G. 1982. Modeling the processes of organic matter degradation and nutrients recycling in sedimentary systems. In Sediment Microbiology (D. B. Nedwell and C. M. Brown, Eds.), pp. 15-52. Academic Press, London. 

Figure 2. Schematic map of a part of the recent sedimentary system of Abu Dhabi showing the location of living communities, suppliers of sedimentary organic matter. Arrows on the scheme represent progradation direction.

Table I. Elemental analysis of "kerogens" of living plant, surface sediments and buried sediments from Abu Dhabi recent sedimentary system...

Figure 4. S/C atomic ratios from kerogens of living plants, modem sediments, and buried sediments of the three main types of organic matter encountered in the Abu Dhabi recent sedimentary system, (A) the microbial mats, (B) the Avicennia mangrove, (C) the lagoonal seaweeds.

Garrels R.M. and Berner R.A. (1983) The global carbonate-silicate sedimentary system-some feedback relations. In Biomineralization and Biological Metal Accumulation (eds. P. Westbroek and E.W. DeJong), pp. 73-87. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland. 

Glasby, G. P. (1975) Limitations of crystal field theory applied to sedimentary systems. Geoderma, 13,363-7 [see McKenzie (1970)]. 

Blair, N.E., Leithold, E.I., Ford, S.T., Peeler, K.A., Holmes, J.C., and Perkey, D.W. (2003) The persistence of memory the fate of ancient sedimentary organic carbon in a modem sedimentary system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 63-73. 

Bokuniewicz, H. (1995) Sedimentary systems of coastal-plain estuaries. In Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Estuaries. Developments in Sedimentology 53 (Perillo, G.M.E., ed.), pp. 49-67, Elsevier Science, New York. 

Patchett P. 1., White W. M., Eeldmann H., Kielinczuk S., and Hofmann A. W. (1984) Hafnium/rare earth fractionation in the sedimentary system and crust-mantle recycling. Earth Planet. Set Lett. 69, 365-378. 

Vervoort J. D., Patchett P. J., Blichert-Toft J., and Albarede F. (1999) Relationships between Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic systems in the global sedimentary system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 168(1-2), 79-99. 

Hay W. W., Wold C. N., Soding E., and Fliigel S. (2001) Evolution of sediment fluxes and ocean salinity. In Geologic Modelling and Simulations Sedimentary Systems (eds. D. F. Merriam and J. C. Davis). Kluwer Academic/ Plenum, Dordrecht, pp. 153-167. 

Gardner, R.A.M. McLaren, S.J. (1993) Progressive vadose diagenesis in late Quaternary aeolianite deposits In Pye, K. (Ed.) The Dynamics and Environmental Context of Aeolian Sedimentary Systems. Special Publication 72. Bath Geological Society Publishing House, pp. 219-234. 

Observed authigenic reduced sulphide minerals include amorphous FeS, mackinawite (FeS), greigite (Fc SJ, pyrite (FeS ) and to a much lesser extent minerals which incorporate other cations, notably Mn(II). Alabanite (MnS), however, is very rare, and has only been found associated with sedimentary systems where Mn/Fe ratios are exceptionally... 

Siebert, C., Kramers, J.D., Meisel, Th., Morel, Ph., and Nagler, Th.F., 2005. PGE, Re-Os and Mo isotope systematics in Archaean and early Proterozoic sedimentary systems as proxies for redox conditions of the early Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 1787-801. 

With the cone for a continuous flow rate of perfusion, the flow rate in the column is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the cone at any given position. If the ratio of the radii of the inlet and outlet is 1 10 and the flow rate of the outlet is 1/100 of the inlet flow rate, then the separation efficiency of the supernatant fluid and suspended cells are improved. As shown in Fig. 13, the jacket type sedimentary system allows easy control of the temperature for separating the static supernatant from the cells. This jacket method was applied to an air-lift fermenter since it had not been done in an air-lift perfusion culture. According to Katinger et al., air-lift methods have smaller shear forces than impeller type agitation. However, in perfusion culture, comparable maximum cell densities were obtained using all three types of fermenters. 

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