Fuels, surfactant applications

Without the colloid present (i.e., electrodeposition from pure aqueous media), a Pt-rich catalyst was formed, typically only on the outer surface of the three-dimensional support, without significant penetration into the matrix. For codeposition throughout the thickness of the support of binary and ternary catalyst formulations, with atomic compositions relevant to fuel cell application, the presence of the colloidal system was essential. The mechanism of action for the surfactant or water-in-oil microemulsion is believed to be related to selective blocking of the surface, creating a high-Pt electrocrystallization overpotential, thereby lowering the Pt electrodeposition rate relative to the alloying elements (e.g., Ru, Mo, or Sn). 

Hxii CL, Li XG, Hsing IM. Well-dispersed surfactant-stabilized Pt/C nanocatalysts for fuel cell application dispersion control and sxufactant removal. Electrochim Acta 2005 51 711-9. 

Nonfood Uses. Vegetable oils are utilized in a variety of nonedible applications, but only a few percent of the U.S. soybean oil production is used for such products (see Table 13). Soybean oil is converted into alkyd resins (qv) for protective coatings, plasticizers, dimer acids, surfactants (qv), printing inks, SoyDiesel fuel (methyl esters used to replace petroleum-based diesel fuel) and other products (76). 

The catalytic applications of Moiseev s giant cationic palladium clusters have extensively been reviewed by Finke et al. [167], In a recent review chapter we have outlined the potential of surfactant-stabilized nanocolloids in the different fields of catalysis [53]. Our three-step precursor concept for the manufacture of heterogeneous egg-shell - nanocatalysts catalysts based on surfactant-stabilized organosols or hydrosols was developed in the 1990s [173-177] and has been fully elaborated in recent time as a standard procedure for the manufacture of egg-shell - nanometal catalysts, namely for the preparation of high-performance fuel cell catalysts. For details consult the following Refs. [53,181,387]. 

SFC-FID is widely used for the analysis of (nonvolatile) textile finish components. An application of SFC in fuel product analysis is the determination of lubricating oil additives, which consist of complex mixtures of compounds such as zinc dialkylthiophosphates, organic sulfur compounds (e.g. nonylphenyl sulfides), hindered phenols (e.g. 2,6-di-f-butyl-4-methylphenol), hindered amines (e.g. dioctyldiphenylamines) and surfactants (sulfonic acid salts). Classical TLC, SEC and LC analysis are not satisfactory here because of the complexity of such mixtures of compounds, while their lability precludes GC determination. Both cSFC and pSFC enable analysis of most of these chemical classes [305]. Rather few examples have been reported of thermally unstable compounds analysed by SFC an example of thermally labile polymer additives are fire retardants [360]. pSFC has been used for the separation of a mixture of methylvinylsilicones and peroxides (thermally labile analytes) [361]. 

In this paper, we focus on synthesis and application of esters of bio-based organic acids. Organic acid esters are used or have potential for use in many industrial and consumer applications including solvents, paint strippers, surfactants, fragrances, and fuel stabilizers2. The chemicals used in these... 

The high content of water and emulsifier in this fuel creates some differences in handling and application compared to conventional diesel fuel. The surfactant quality of the emulsification additive in the fuel can remove existing deposits from the internal surfaces of fuel handling and storage systems. Problems with fuel discoloration and fuel filter plugging may follow. Compared with conventional diesel, fuel economy ratings per tank of fuel will drop because the overall carbon content per unit volume of fuel is lower. This is due to carbon displacement by water. 

The interest in fluorinated organic sulphur compounds has continued unabated throughout the current period by virtue of their potential applications in such diverse fields as fuel cells, ion-exchange resins, insecticides, as well as the established surfactants. 

Sasol in South Africa produces a porous, prilled ammonium nitrate (PPAN) that finds its widest application in a mix with fuel oil. This mixture is used as an explosive and is commonly known as ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil). Standard PPAN contains randomly distributed closed pores of an uncontrolled variable size and quantity. Sasol also makes EXPAN by using a patented process where polymeric microspheres are entrained uniformly in individual prills. Surfactants are added prior to the prilling process to ensure that the microspheres are evenly distributed in the prill. The addition of these microspheres (or encapsulated gas bubbles) reduces and controls prill density to desired levels. This improves the sensitivity and performance of the explosive while retaining the desirable properties of the standard prills (mechanical strength, oil absorption and free-flowability)106. 

Fuel applications. Bitumen, the residuum of petroleum distillation, is gaining interest as a low cost fuel. The main problem with bitumen as a fuel is handling the viscous, almost solid product. This issue has been addressed by emulsifying molten bitumen in water using cationic surfactants such as tallow alkyl propanediamine [92] and salts of similar amines with fatty acids [93]. The emulsions thus prepared are pumpable and useful as fuels for stationary burning such as in power generation facilities. 

Surfactant-based synthesis of mesoporous metal oxides and metal sulfides emerged about four years after the initial report of MCM-41 [21-36]. High surface area and thermally robust mesoporous metal oxides and sulfides represent a new class of materials with diverse opportunities for the development of improved fuel and solar cells, batteries, membranes, chemical delivery vehicles, heavy metal sponges, sensors, magnetic devices and new catalysts. All of these applications could benefit from tailorable Bronsted and Lewis acidity and basicity, flexible oxidation states, and tunable electronic, optical and magnetic properties. 

ANEDCO AC-164 is a versatile basic intermediate which can be further modified. It may also be used in other applications such as in fuels or lube oils. Other applications for ANEDCO AC-164 are as an inhibitor, a wetting agent, an emulsifier, and a cationic surfactant. Derivatives of ANEDCO AC-164 are useful as corrosion inhibitors for down-hole inhibition, invert emulsifiers, dispersants, and antistatic agents. 

Colloidal Pt/RuO c- (C5 0.4nm) stabilized by a surfactant was prepared by co-hydrolysis of PtCU and RuCls under basic conditions. The Pt Ru ratio in the colloids can be between 1 4 and 4 1 by variation of the stoichiometry of the transition metal salts. The corresponding zerovalent metal colloids are obtained by the subsequent application of H2 to the colloidal Pt/Ru oxides (optionally in the immobilized form). Additional metals have been included in the metal oxide concept [Eq. (10)] in order to prepare binary and ternary mixed metal oxides in the colloidal form. Pt/Ru/WO c is regarded as a good precatalyst especially for the application in DMECs. Main-group elements such as A1 have been included in multimetallic alloy systems in order to improve the durability of fuel-cell catalysts. PtsAlCo.s alloyed with Cr, Mo, or W particles of 4—7-nm size has been prepared by sequential precipitation on conductant carbon supports such as highly disperse Vulcan XC72 [70]. Alternatively, colloidal precursors composed of Pt/Ru/Al allow... 

Oils and fats have been important throughout human history not only for food, but also as lubricants, polishes, ointments, and fuel. The reaction of oils and fats with alkali (saponification) produces soap (salts of fatty acids) and glycerin. This chemical process was known to the Romans and continues to be of significant commercial importance. Today, tens of thousands of tons of soap are produced annually from tallow and plant oils. Tallow is a by-product of the meat industry, while the principal plant oils are dependent on extensive plantations—palm and palm kernel oils from Indonesia, Malaysia, and India, and coconut oil from the Philippines and Brazil. Twentieth-century chemists designed more effective synthetic, crude-oil-based surface-active agents (surfactants, e.g., sodium linearalkylbenzene-sulfonate or LAS) for fabric, household, and industrial cleaning applications, and specialty surfactants to meet the needs of consumer products industry such as milder skin and hair cleansers. 

Typical yields for complexes using HF and solid-bed alkylation routes are shown in Table 1. This table illustrates that the yields for the two routes are similar. For constant production of LAB, paraffin use is approximately equal for both the routes. The HAB byproduct stream consists of heavy alkylate (discussed in more detail in later sections). The HAB by-product is formed in both routes and depending on the properties, may be used in applications, such as heat transfer fluids, or as enhanced oil recovery surfactants in a sulfonated form. Both routes also produce some light products in the form of off-gas and cracked product from the dehydrogenation unit. The solid-bed alkylation route also produces an aromatic by-product stream (PEP Extract in Table 1), which consists of aromatics produced in the dehydrogenation unit. While aromatics removal is possible for the HF route, it is typically not practiced. Instead, the HF route has an acid regenerator bottoms stream, which consists of by-products extracted from purification of the HF acid. Both of these by-products are typically recovered for fuel value. In the table Case-1 represents an LAB complex that includes the Pacol , DeFine , PEP, and Detal processes all licensed by UOP LLC and hereafter referred to as Pacol/DeFine/PEP/Detal complex. Case-2 represents the Pacol, DeFine, and UOP HF detergent alkylation processes, all licensed by UOP LLC and hereafter referred to as Pacol/ DeFine/HF Alky complex. ... 

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