Soaps produced

These surfactants, in conjunction with soap, produce bars that may possess superior lathering and rinsing in hard water, greater lather stabiUty, and improved skin effects. Beauty and skin care bars are becoming very complex formulations. A review of the Hterature clearly demonstrates the complexity of these very mild formulations, where it is not uncommon to find a mixture of synthetic surfactants, each of which is specifically added to modify various properties of the product. Eor example, one approach commonly reported is to blend a low level of soap (for product firmness), a mild primary surfactant (such as sodium cocoyl isethionate), a high lathering or lather-boosting cosurfactant, eg, cocamidopropyl betaine or AGS, and potentially an emollient like stearic acid (27). Such benefits come at a cost to the consumer because these materials are considerably more expensive than simple soaps. 

The soaps produced by saponification may give excessive foam during spray cleaning or react with hard-water salts to form scum and scale. 

Unfortunately, the process that made soap produced a great deal of filth before it cleansed the happily unwashed populace at large. In fact, Leblanc s process polluted industrial regions so cruelly that it created an early rallying cry for environmental reform. 

The production of finished soaps utilizes the neat soap produced in processes A and C to prepare and package finished soap. These finished products are soap flakes and powders (F), bar soaps (G), and liquid soap (H). See Figures 6, 7, and 8 for their respective flow diagrams. 

Marseilles Soap.—This variety of soap is produced by the saponification of olive oil alone. The process does not materially differ from that described for white soap. Tho duration of the operation is longer or shorter according to the quality of the oil. Some manufacturers use, in the fabrication of this soap, a certain proportion of poppy oil with the olive oil and the addition is rather beneficial than otherwise, as the soap produced is less hard, and consequently more easily applicable to detergent purposes. It is at present manufactured on a considerable scale in this country. 

Water from granite and other similar noncarbonate formations produce soft water, which has the benefit of lathering easily with soap, producing minimum scum or calcium stearate, calcium palmitate, etc. 

Continuous glycerin washing of soap produced by saponification has been demonstrated in a countercurrent centrifugal extractor (38). The device achieves phase separation with as little as 0.02 specific gravity difference and accomplishes up to 10 theoretical stages of extraction. Some of the advantages over prior operations reportedly include flexibility in feed, low holdup, less waste due to more efficient separation, simple operation, rapid startup, and small space requirements. 

Although bar soaps produce erythema when tested by conventional patch test techniques, the typical clinical response is dryness and flaking with occasional erythema and Assuring. Frosch and Kligman (1979) developed the soap chamber test to compare the chapping potential of bar soaps. 

Poor color and discoloration are common complaints expressed by soap manufacturers attempting to use palm products for the production of white soaps. Sapo-nihcation color value (SCV), which represents the color of the saponified oil, will, to a limited extent, indicate the whiteness of the soap produced from the oil. For white soap the SCV of the oil has to be lower than 3R. Palm products have SC Vs greater... 

Surfactant Mixing Rules. The petroleum soaps produced in alkaline flooding have an extremely low optimal salinity. For instance, most acidic crude oils will have optimal phase behavior at a sodium hydroxide concentration of approximately 0.05 wt% in distilled water. At that concentration (about pH 12) essentially all of the acidic components in the oil have reacted, and type HI phase behavior occurs. An increase in sodium hydroxide concentration increases the ionic strength and is equivalent to an increase in salinity because more petroleum soap is not produced. As salinity increases, the petroleum soaps become much less soluble in the aqueous phase than in the oil phase, and a shift to over-optimum or type H(+) behavior occurs. The water in most oil reservoirs contains significant quantities of dissolved solids, resulting in increased IFT. Interfacial tension is also increased because high concentrations of alkali are required to counter the effect of losses due to alkali-rock interactions. 

Diffusion of the products of reaction away from the surface is slow enough to be important if there is attraction due either to electrostatic or to adsorption forces. The first observation of this effect seems to be that of Alexander and Rideal (30), who found that in the alkaline hydrolysis of trilaurin the soap produced was liable to remain in the film. This complicated the kinetics of the reaction to such an extent that it was found necessary to work under conditions such that the laurate ions were more rapidly expelled. Without this precaution, the negative potential which built up on the interface considerably retarded the reaction by offering a barrier to the approaching catalytically active hydroxyl ions. 

The difficulty of obtaining ready access of alkali to the mass of fats in soap manufacture has led to the introduction of various methods of emulsification reaction. Among these mention must be made of the Monsavon process. In this the chemical reaction is accelerated by passing the mixture of fats and alkali through a colloid mill the homogenized solution is subsequently heated to 100°C. to start the hydrolysis. The soap produced in this way contains a little free alkali, usually of the order 0.2%. 

Use Antioxidant for soaps produced from animal or vegetable oil. 

This process is based on the fact that a certain amount of soap is required for the hydrated silica to adsorb phospholipids from the oil. Since no caustic is used in physical refining process (Section 5.10), hydrated silica becomes ineffective in the physical process and does not remove any amount of phospholipids from the oil. In the modified physical refining process, the oil is analyzed for ppm of phosphorus. The required amount of caustic solution is added to the oil to produce soap. The concentration of soap produced (ppm) must match the ppm of phospholipids in the oil. The oil and caustic solution are mixed in a high shear mixer. Hydrated silica is added to the oil in a vacuum vessel. The remainder of the process is similar (bleaching, and so forth) to the physical refining process. 

Discussion Water which contains solutle compounds of calcium, magnesium or iron is called hard water,because the addition of soap produces a precipitate by reaction with the compound in the water, instead of forming suds, as with pure water. The precipitate is usually a stearate formed by double decomposition between the compound in solution and sodium stearate, NaCigHggOg, which is the chief constituent of ordinary soap. 

Ihey determined that 6.25 per cent potassium coconut oil soap produced no injury of any plants tested, 0.5 per cent injured some delicate flowers, 1.0 percent produced injury a considerable proportion of cases, and 2.0 percent injured most of the plants, including such orclmrd foliage as peach, cherry and grape. 

Mode of Preparation.—By boiling together olive oil and caustic potash (potassium hydrate) until the soap produced assumes the appearance of a transparent jeUy, and until a drop of it, when allowed to fall on a glass plate, remains dear, and does not exhibit a fatty border on cooling. 

Uses Antioxidant in cosmetics, soaps produced from animal or vegetable oil hardener for decorative and protective powd. coatings vulcanization accelerator epoxy resin curing agent Manuf/Distrib. Aceto Aldrich Thomas Swan Trade Names Aradur 2844... 

The fatty matters, concentrated soda leys, and lime liquor are now added to the melted soap in such proportions that the fatty matters will become duly saponmed, and that the soap produced may be of the required description. The whole are then boiled in the usual way. The proportions of fatly matter, concentrated leys, and lime liquor may be varied according to the character of soap required. The following proportions are, however, recommended —Ordinary fitted soap, or curd soap, 10 tons fatty matters, 4 tons soda leys, prepared as above, 4 tons lime liquor, 6J tons, To produce a mottled soap be adds a certain quantity of ultramarine, oxide of manganese, or other suitable pigment, previously mixed with water, and the whole are then boiled together for half an hour, when the soap is ready for cleansing in the usual way. 

Ethanolamine soaps produced from fatty acids are among the most industrially important emulsifiers. They are used in cosmetics, polishes, shoe aeams, car care products, drilling and cutting oils, and pharmaceutical ointments. Ethanolamine soaps combined with wax and resins are used as impregnating materials, protective coatings, and products for the care of textile and leather goods. 

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