Cracking product from

Products from catalytic cracking units are also more stable due to a lower olefin content in the liquid products. This reflects a higher hydrogen transfer activity, which leads to more saturated hydrocarbons than in thermally cracked products from delayed coking units, for example. 

Figure 3 shows the molecular weight distributions of cracked products made over calcined USY-2 and AFS-2. Cracked products from AFS have a sharper distribution which is shifted towards lower molecular weights than those from USY. In addition, the distribution... 

Results of the application of the SAPA chromatographic procedure are given in Table III. The light oils contain mostly saturate fractions. The bitumen contains 48% saturate fraction. The aromatic, polar aromatic, and asphaltene fractions of light oils are reduced greatly compared with bitumen. These data indicate that the light oils could be composed mainly of the lower boiling components in the bitumen or are cracked products from the bitumen. A combination of the two alternatives is also possible. 

Figure 15. Molar distribution of cracked product from hexadecane at 1000 psig, 3.1 WHSV, 30 H2/HC and 94% conversion [177],...

Pia. 12. Relative distribution of carbon number in cracked products from cracking of dodeceae-l, and from hydrocracking dodecone. 

Typical yields for complexes using HF and solid-bed alkylation routes are shown in Table 1. This table illustrates that the yields for the two routes are similar. For constant production of LAB, paraffin use is approximately equal for both the routes. The HAB byproduct stream consists of heavy alkylate (discussed in more detail in later sections). The HAB by-product is formed in both routes and depending on the properties, may be used in applications, such as heat transfer fluids, or as enhanced oil recovery surfactants in a sulfonated form. Both routes also produce some light products in the form of off-gas and cracked product from the dehydrogenation unit. The solid-bed alkylation route also produces an aromatic by-product stream (PEP Extract in Table 1), which consists of aromatics produced in the dehydrogenation unit. While aromatics removal is possible for the HF route, it is typically not practiced. Instead, the HF route has an acid regenerator bottoms stream, which consists of by-products extracted from purification of the HF acid. Both of these by-products are typically recovered for fuel value. In the table Case-1 represents an LAB complex that includes the Pacol , DeFine , PEP, and Detal processes all licensed by UOP LLC and hereafter referred to as Pacol/DeFine/PEP/Detal complex. Case-2 represents the Pacol, DeFine, and UOP HF detergent alkylation processes, all licensed by UOP LLC and hereafter referred to as Pacol/ DeFine/HF Alky complex. ... 

The cracked products from both the ovens are directed to the reaction tower Tl. The mixture of vapor and liquid from T1 passes to the high-pressure evaporator T2. In T2 the cracking residue is separated from the vapor. This residue passes to the low-pressure evaporator T4, and is partly evaporated. The evaporator T4 has a blind tray in the middle section similar to that of tower T3. The vapor product (heavy gas oil) is partly condensed in the upper section of T4 and mixed with the fresh feed. The non-condensed part leaves the cracking unit as kerosene - gas oil fraction 2. 

Four fractions of pseudo-compounds are obtained by solution analysis of crude oil residue or its cracked product. During solution analysis of the cracking product from thermal treatment of vacuum residue or mixtures of vacuum residue and plastics (such mixtures were used in our investigation), a first step of solution analysis is soxhlet extraction. In the soxhlet extractor, the liquid/solid product is extracted with fresh warm solvent (THF) that does not contain the extract. This can increase the extraction rate, as the sample is contacting fresh warm solvent. The sample is placed inside a cellulose thimble and placed in the extractor. The extractor is connected to a flask containing the extraction solvent, and a condenser is connected above the extractor. The solvent is boiled, and the extractor has a bypass arm that the vapor passes through to reach the condenser, where it condenses and drips into the sample in the thimble. Once the solvent reaches the top of the siphon arm, the solvent and extract are siphoned back into the lower flask. The solvent reboils, and the cycle is repeated until the sample is completely extracted, and the extract is in the lower flask. 

Co-Processing with Cracked Products from Aromatics Containing... 

Figure 3.39 Molar distribution of cracking products from ideal hydrocracking of dodecane...

Yields of cracking products from cycle I to infinity... 

As was stated above, the yields of the cracking products from cycles VI to XV could not be determined experimentally, and thus the data for these cycles were calculated by means of equation (5.7). 

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