Sulfonic acid salts

The introduction of a methyl group at an internal position in the linear alkyl chain of the hydrophobic group increases the water solubility and the performance properties of LAS. 

Higher Alkylbenzenesulfonates C13-C15 homologs are more oil-soluble, and are useful as lubricating oil additives. 

Benzene-, Toluene-, Xylene-, and Cumenesulfonates Are used as hydrotropes, e.g., for increasing the solubility of LAS and other ingredients in aqueous formulations, for thinning soap gels and detergent slurries. 

Petroleum Sulfonates Products of the refining of selected petroleum fractions with concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum, in the production of white oils. Metal or ammonium salts of sulfonated complex cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Paraffin Sulfonates, Secondary n-Alkanesulfonates (SAS) Produced in Europe by sulfoxidation of Ci4-C17 /(-paraffins with S02 and 02. The /(-paraffin hydrocarbons are separated from kerosene by molecular sieves. 

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When sulfonic acids are neutralized to sulfonic acid salts, the materials become relatively innocuous and low in toxicity, as compared to the parent sulfonic acid (see Table 4). The neutralized materials cause considerably less eye and skin irritation. The most toxic route of entry for sulfonic acid salts is ingestion (39). The toxicity of neutralized sulfonic acids, especially detergent sulfonates, has been directiy related to the foaming capabiUty of the material. 

Sulfonic acid salts have found widespread use in the area of corrosion inhibition. Lubrizol Corporation produces a wide variety of sulfonic acids, particularly in the form of magnesium salts, for use in lubricant formulations, anticorrosion coatings, greases, and resins (146,147). Petroleum sulfonates are used in epoxy resin elastomers to improve anticorrosion properties of coatings and sealants (qv) (148,149). 

From acidity measuremeats it is known that oae of the hydroxyl hydrogea atoms is much more stroagly bouad, ie, much less acidic than the other. For Eriochrome Black T /7 787-61-7] (18b), the foUowiag equUibria apply (45), where HO-dye-OH represeats the sulfonic acid salt (18b) as shown earUer with neither of the two OH groups neutralized. 

Sulfates or sulfonates Alkali metal salts of sulfated alcohols, sulfonic acid salts alkyl-aryl sulfonates sodium laiiryl sulfate Nonaqiieoiis systems mixed aqueous and nonaqiieoiis systems oil-well drilling muds spent H3SO4 recovery deep-fat frying... 

This reaction, parallel with 10-77, is the standard method for the preparation of sulfonyl halides. Also used are PCI3 and SOCI2, and sulfonic acid salts can also serve as substrates. Sulfonyl bromides and iodides have been prepared from sulfonyl hydrazides (ArS02NHNH2, themselves prepared by 10-126) by treatment with bromine or iodine.Sulfonyl fluorides are generally prepared from the chlorides, by halogen exchange. 

Sakurai, J. El-Merzabani, M.M. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (CPBTAL) 12, 954 (1964). sulfonic acid salts ... 

For aqueous cement slurries a copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and a salt of styrenesulfonic acid has been proposed [1585]. A naphthalene sulfonic acid salt condensed with formaldehyde serves as a dispersant. 

A munber of organic compounds are suitable for use as tracers in a process for monitoring the flow of subterranean fluids. The following traces have been proposed benzene tetracarboxylic acid, methylbenzoic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, naphthalene-trisulfonic acid, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, alkyl toluene sulfonic acid, alkyl xylene sulfonic acid, a-olefin sulfonic acid, salts of the foregoing acids, naphthalenediol, aniline, substituted aniline, pyridine, substituted pyridines [883]. 

The amount of added water required for desalting may be minimized by adding a chemical emulsion breaker to the crude that is capable of displacing the surface-active components from the brine droplets. Quatemized carboxylic-sulfonic acid salts, shown in Figure 22-9, are useful for desalting [1791]. Preferably, the chemical emulsion breaker is used in combination with a delivery solvent, such as diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. 

Figure 22-9. Quatemized carboxylic-sulfonic acid salts.

SFC-FID is widely used for the analysis of (nonvolatile) textile finish components. An application of SFC in fuel product analysis is the determination of lubricating oil additives, which consist of complex mixtures of compounds such as zinc dialkylthiophosphates, organic sulfur compounds (e.g. nonylphenyl sulfides), hindered phenols (e.g. 2,6-di-f-butyl-4-methylphenol), hindered amines (e.g. dioctyldiphenylamines) and surfactants (sulfonic acid salts). Classical TLC, SEC and LC analysis are not satisfactory here because of the complexity of such mixtures of compounds, while their lability precludes GC determination. Both cSFC and pSFC enable analysis of most of these chemical classes [305]. Rather few examples have been reported of thermally unstable compounds analysed by SFC an example of thermally labile polymer additives are fire retardants [360]. pSFC has been used for the separation of a mixture of methylvinylsilicones and peroxides (thermally labile analytes) [361]. 

Phosphoric and polyphosphoric acid esters Perfluorinated anionics Sulfonic acid salts Strong surface tension reducers Good oil in water emulsifiers Soluble in polar organics Resistant to biodegradation High chemical stability Resistant to acid and alkaline hydrolysis... 

Anionic the head group is negatively charged such as, for example, alkylcarboxilic or sulfonic acids salts. 

The classic caustic fusion of sulfonic acid salts has been used for preparing 2,6-dinaphthol and its derivatives. Other more recent procedures have employed the direct hydrolysis of aryl bromides and the oxidation of aryl Grignard reagents. ... 

The polymerization reaction was performed at ambient temperature by stirring the step 3 product, di-/ -toluene-sulfonic acid salt, and bis-(L-leucine)-1,6-hexylene diester dissolved in V, V-d i methyl acetamide containing triethylamine and the product isolated. 

The 5,6-double bond in uracil, 5-fluorouracil, /V-alkyluracils, thiouracils, and uridines adds sodium sulfite or bisulfite to give the corresponding 5,6-dihydro-6-sulfonic acid salts. Bisulfite addition to cytosines and cytidine may be succeeded by a second reaction involving nucleophilic replacement of the amino group, for example, by water. 

Formation of Salts. Amino acids have certain characteristics of both organic bases and organic acids because they are amphoteric. As amines, tile amino acids form stable salts, such as hydrochlorides or aromatic sulfonic acid salts. These are used as selective predpitants of certain amino acids. As organic acids, the annuo acids form complex salts with heavy metals, the less soluble salt being used for amino acid separation. 

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