Fuel application

Flexibility of service and fuels are criteria, which enhance a turbine system, but they are not necessary for every application. The energy shortage requires turbines to be operated at their maximum efficiency. This flexibility may entail a two-shaft design incorporating a power turbine, which is separate and not connected to the Gasifier unit. Multiple fuel applications are now in greater demand, especially where various fuels may be in shortage at different times of the year. 

The diesel and gas turbine with waste heat recovery are limited in terms of fuel application being suitable for gas and oils only. Also when considering oil fuel firing... 

Performance on gas is normally limited in dual-fuel applications to that of the oil burner. In gas-only... 

Sensors in Hydrogen Fuel Applications 15.5.1 Hydrogen Refueling Stations... 

Nuclear fuel, thorium in, 24 758-759 Nuclear fuel applications, thorium in,... 

CSC atomization was developed by AEA Harwell Laboratories in the UK in the early 1970 s. Initially, the CSC process was used for the atomization of refractory and oxide materials such as alumina, plutonium oxides, and uranium monocarbide in nuclear fuel applications. Since it is well-suited to the atomization of reactive metals/alloys or those subject to segregation, the CSC process has been applied to a variety of materials such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and titanium alloys and many refractory metals. The process also has potential to scale up to a continuous process. 

The elemental fuels applicable to IE production are not as obvious as the hydrocarbons described above and simply have to be learned and memorized. Those most prevalent are powdered metals (aluminum, magnesium, titanium), carbon disulfide, phosphorus, sulfur, and antimony sulfide. One important side note is that, for the most part, these elemental fuels produce IE formulations that are very sensitive and often unstable. Mixtures incorporating any of them should be treated with extra caution. 

For most chemical storage tanks, codes such as NFPA 30 and the International Fire Code give specific separation distances. For motor vehicle fueling applications, the codes are more stringent on separation requirements due to a greater exposure of the public to the hazards. Hence codes such as NFPA 30A establish variable separation distances depending upon whether the facility is private or pubhc. 

The flash point identifies the minimum temperature at which fuel vapors will ignite. In residual fuel applications, this is helpful in determining whether fuel may be contaminated with high-flash materials. 

In marine fuel applications, injector deposits and the corrosive wear of piston rings have been linked to fuel sulfur and sulfur bearing acid formation. 

Hindered phenol compounds usually possess alkyl groups on ortho and para sites. The alkyl groups are typically t-butyl or methyl in functionality. The lower cost of hindered phenol antioxidants makes them attractive for use in fuel applications. In gasoline, hindered phenols are typically used at treat rates of 5 to 50 ppm. The limitations placed on jet fuel additives often control the rate at which phenolic antioxidants can be used. 

Some organosulfur compounds can function as fuel antioxidants by acting to decompose hydroperoxides. Organosulfides are believed to react with hydroperoxides to form sulfoxides. The sulfoxides then further react with hydroperoxides to form other more acidic compounds. These newly formed acids continue the process of decomposing and reaction with hydroperoxides. Thus, organosulfur compounds function in the process oxidation inhibition through hydroperoxide decomposition. However, in most fuel applications, sulfur-containing antioxidants are not utilized. 

Another common method which is used to improve the handling characteristics of heavy oils is to treat the oils with a wax crystal modifier. The process is similar to that used in diesel fuel treatment. Wax crystal modifiers for use in heavy oils are typically higher in molecular weight than those used in diesel fuel applications. The pour point method ASTM D-97 is also used to evaluate crude oil and heavy oils. 

Use a copper corrosion inhibitor these compounds are typically effective in most fuel applications at treat rates from 5 to 25 ppm... 

In a house used for investigating indoor air pollution that had natural gas fueled applicances (a convective heater, a radiant heater, and a range with four burners), both the surface reaction of N02 and the direct combustion emissions contributed significantly to the measured indoor HONO. When an appliance was operational, the contribution of direct emissions was the more important source (Spicer et al., 1993). 

For many years wood chemists have tried to find applications for lignins other than their use as fuel. The amount of proposed products and applications is considerable. For instance, a recent literature survey on lignin utilization includes more than 3700 references, mostly patents (10). In spite of this massive amount of work on products, processes and applications, less than 2% of lignin available in spent liquors from conventional pulping processes are recovered and marketed for non-fuel applications in the U.S. 

Meyers, C.J., and Kosowski, B.M. (2003) DMAZ a replacement of hydrazine derivatives in hypergolic fuel applications. Proc. 34th Inti Ann. Conf. ICT, Karlsruhe, Germany, June 24-27, 2003, pp. 177/1-177/4. 

The volatiles contents of product chars decreased from ca 25—16% with temperature. Char (lower) heating values, on the other hand, increased from ca 26.75 MJ/kg (11,500 Btu/lb) to 29.5 MJ/kg (12,700 Btu/lb) with temperature. Chars in this range of heating values are suitable for boiler fuel application and the low sulfur content (about equal to that of the starting coal) permits direct combustion. These char products, however, are pyrophoric and require special handling in storage and transportation systems. 

Anhydrous ethyl alcohol is made from the constant boiling mixture with HsO (95 6% ethyl alcohol by weight)—(l)by heating with a substance such as calcium oxide, which reacts with H 0 and not with alcohol, and then distilling, or (21 hv distilling with a volatile liquid, such as benzene [hp 79,6 C). which forms a constam low-boiling mixture with H 0 and alcohol (bp 64.9=C), so that HsO is removed from the main portion of the alcohol after which alcohol plus benzene distills over (bp 78.5°C). Anhydrous ethyl alcohol is required for certain purposes as a solvent and rcagem and fuel applications. 

In the past three years there have been major increases in the utilization of waste tires as a fuel. Applications have included power plants, tire manufacturing facilities, cement kilns, and pulp and paper production. These applications have demonstrated the capability to extract energy value from the tires in an environmentally acceptable manner, while at the same time alleviating tire disposal problems in their communities. 

On the other hand, the size of whole tires requires the ability, to feed large fuel to a burner, and their strength makes them difficult to cut into more manageably sized pieces of fuel. Also, chlorine, ash, and volatiles are present in higher quantities in tires and TDF than in most coals. Further, the metal contained in tires, in the form of the radial wire and bead, wire can be a problem in many fuel applications. For example, loose or molten wire can clog ash exit or grate combustion openings in boilers. 

The first section features new approaches to investigating physicochemical properties. Its final two chapters facilitate the transition to the second section, on chemical reactions, a new topic of fundamental importance. Phase equilibria are described in the final section of principles. Here initial chapters are devoted to modeling, and the final chapters report solubility studies. The final three sections are devoted to important applications of supercritical fluids chromatography, fractionation and separation, and fuel applications. The chapters in each of these sections are also arranged so that there is a transition to more applied topics in the later chapters. 

Coal is a source of energy in relatively bountiful supply in our country and synthetic fuel applications of coal are a very vital topic for the American Chemical and Process Industry that you here represent. A greater use of this indigenous resource is a cornerstone of our National Energy Policy, and it is the very inventive genius of American enterprise that can turn this policy into a viable reality as the industry of our country has done so admirably in the past in stepping up to big issues that our nation has faced. 

Being volatile, it is used to separate the isotopes 235U and 238U for nuclear fuel applications. Many other U(VI) compounds contain the Uranyl ion U02+2, a linear unit with bonding involving both 5/and 6d orbitals examples include the mineral camotite and Cs2[U02Cl4] where uranyl is complexed to four chloride ions. 

Fuel applications. Bitumen, the residuum of petroleum distillation, is gaining interest as a low cost fuel. The main problem with bitumen as a fuel is handling the viscous, almost solid product. This issue has been addressed by emulsifying molten bitumen in water using cationic surfactants such as tallow alkyl propanediamine [92] and salts of similar amines with fatty acids [93]. The emulsions thus prepared are pumpable and useful as fuels for stationary burning such as in power generation facilities. 

---