History, human

Possibly the first synthetic composite to he used by humans was brick. Brick is a mixture of straw and clay that has been heated and dried. In their original form, bricks were made of clay only. Such bricks, properly called mud or clay bricks, were among the first building materials to be used by humans. The raw material, clay, was 

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The scientific method has been successfully used throughout human history to enlighten us to our natural world and beyond. Since the earliest days there have been... 

Salt has been a precious commodity throughout most of human history. Rome s armies were paid in salt, which Mral is the origin of the word salary. Salt is a seasoning, an essential nutrient, and a very important preservative. Table salt is sodium chloride combined with iodine sources (for nutrition), stabilizers for the iodine, and anticaking compounds to prevent it from absorbing water from the air so it can pour freely. 

Over the course of human history rivers have reflected the impact of human activity. Since the beginnings of the great civilizations 5000 years ago, humankind, in its pursuit of agriculture, exploration and conquest, has exploited and mistreated the environment on a broad scale. Major changes on the face of the earth occurred. Forests were cut, pastures grazed, fields cleared and plowed "... as the landscape was carved to fit the new economic demands of humankind." (7). Such changes have been well documented (2-5). 

Perhaps no technology in human history has radically changed so many disciplines as the introduction of personal computing and the now-ubiquitous presence of the World Wide Web. What the joint application of these enabling technologies allows us to do is to instantaneously and efficiently exchange... 

The appreciation of the importance of adsorption phenomena at liquid interfaces is probably as old as human history, since it is easily recognized in many facets of everyday life. It is not surprising that liquid interfaces have been a favorite subject of scientific interest since as early as the eighteenth century [3,4], From an experimental point of view, one obvious virtue of the liquid interfaces for studying adsorption phenomena is that we can use surface tension or interfacial tension for thermodynamic analysis of the surface properties. The interfacial tension is related to the adsorbed amount of surface active substances through the Gibbs adsorption equation. 

Mention is made of the Code of Hammurabi only to place in human history that period when reference to eye medicines or poultices was beginning to appear. The Sumerians, in southern Mesopotamia, are considered to be the first to record their history, beginning about 3100 B.C. The Egyptians used copper compounds, such as malachite and chrysocalla, as green... 

Carbon has been known as charcoal since early human history. It was identified as an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) and Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794). 

Of course, Dray s concern was human history, but the claims carry over into natural history. They enable us to see how reductionism might be vindicated, among biologists at least, as an ultimate how-possibly explanation gives way to proximate why-necessary explanation. Let us see how. 

Human history—and the human present—is full of racism, xenophobia, hypemational-ism, and other tragedies stemming from beliefs about human populations. In the past, some of those tragedies have been perpetrated by, or aided by, the misuse of scientific information. All those involved in the HGD Project must accept a responsibility to strive, in every way possible, to avoid misuse of the project data, [emphasis in original] (HGDP, 1994). 

Up to now odoriferous changes due to disease have been investigated in humans almost entirely from the medical perspective without any evolutionary perspective. This could be due to the fact that most researchers live in developed countries where numerous life threatening infections have been almost eradicated and thus can be supposed to be something unusual. However, this is definitely not true in the rest of the world and similarly over human history. Infections and parasites were the main... 

This interpretation of human history was no academic exercise. Americans handling of racial questions had profound implications for the political experiment for which God had set aside the continent in the first place. For Ullman, as, indeed, for many of his compatriots, the matter at hand was no less than the fate of self-government as a viable political... 

The opium poppy is one of several plants that have profoundly affected human history. It has provided an unmatched medicine for... 

Redox reactions are involved in some very important industrial processes, such as iron and steel production. However, the widespread use of metals has occupied a relatively small part of human history. In the Stone Age, humans relied on stone, wood, and bone to make tools and weapons. The Stone Age ended in many parts of the world with the start of the Bronze Age, which was marked by the use of copper and then bronze (an alloy of copper and tin). In the Iron Age, bronze was replaced by the use of iron. The dates of the Bronze Age and the Iron Age vary for different parts of the world. 

Walk into any herb garden for a sensory experience—the plants it contains will have been selected for their aromatic foliage and flowers. Valued for their many uses, herbs are also attractive plants, and many insects will visit their flowers. Herbs have rich associations with human history. Here are plants that have, over many centuries, helped people sleep, soothed pain, repelled insects, calmed fussy babies, and flavored foods and intoxicating drinks. Herbs are still worth growing today for their useful qualities, as well as for their beauty. 

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