Fuel-cell catalysts

Cobalt salts are used as activators for catalysts, fuel cells (qv), and batteries. Thermal decomposition of cobalt oxalate is used in the production of cobalt powder. Cobalt compounds have been used as selective absorbers for oxygen, in electrostatographic toners, as fluoridating agents, and in molecular sieves. Cobalt ethyUiexanoate and cobalt naphthenate are used as accelerators with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide for the room temperature cure of polyester resins. 

Coutanceau C, Hahn F, Waszczuk P, Wieckowski A, Lamy C, Leger J-M. 2002. Radioactive labeling study and FTIR measurements of methanol adsorption and oxidation on fuel cell catalysts. Fuel Cells 2 153-158. 

Fuel Cell Catalysts. Fuel cells (qv) are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel direcdy into electrical and thermal energy. The fuel cell, an environmentally clean method of power generation (qv), is more efficient than most other energy conversion systems. The main by-product is pure water. 

Reduce the CO concentration to a level amenable to clean-up by preferential oxidation catalysts (fuel cell applications). 

Keywords Methanol oxidation, hydrogen production, copper-zinc catalysts, fuel cells, activity... 

Superphosphoric acid Tetraphosphoric acid. Acid used in the manufacture of phosphates, phosphate esters, catalysts, fuel cell electrolytes, metal cleaning and brightening, organic rextions. Viscous liquid d = 2.1000. Albright Wilson Americas Inc. 

Historically ceramics were exploited for their electric insulation properties, which together with their chemical and thermal stability rendered them ideal insulating materials in applications ranging from power lines to cores bearing wire-wound resistors. Today their use is much more ubiquitous — in addition to their traditional role as insulators, they are used as electrodes, catalysts, fuel cells, photoelectrodes, varistors, sensors, and substrates, among many other applications. 

Uses In mfg. of phosphates, phosphate esters catalysts fuel cell electrolytes metal cleaning and brightening org. reactions corrosion/scale control, sequestrant for water treatment, potable water treatment dehydrating agent laboratory reagent Manuf./Distrib. Acres Org. http //www.acros.be, Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com, Astaris http //www.astaris.com, FMC http //www.fmc.com, Fluka http //www.sigma-aidrich.com... 

Bonnemann H, Brinkmann R, Kinge S, Ely TO, Armand M (2004) Chloride free Pt- and PtRu-nanoparticles stabilised by Armand s ligand as precursors for fuel cell catalysts. Fuel Cells 4 289-296... 

Takagaki A, Takahashi Y, Yin FX, Takanabe K, Kubota J, Domen K (2009) Highly dispersed niobium catalyst on carbon black by polymerized complex method as PEFC cathode catalyst fuel cells and energy conversion. J Electrochem Soc 156(7) B811-B815... 

Applications that we have touched upon include supercapacitors, battery materials, sensors, biosensors, catalysts, fuel cell electrodes, electrochemical ion exchange switches and others. Composite catalysts for fuel cells is an area that is rapidly expanding. Use of nanomaterials in all these applications is also an ongoing pursuit. Potential uses in ceramics and optoelectronics are also areas of interest. 

Zhao Y Gao Y, Zhan D, Liu H, Zhao Q, Kou Y, Shao Y, Li M, Zhuang Q, Zhu Z (2005) Selective detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid by a carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid gel modified electrode. Talanta66(l) 51-57 Boennemann H, Brinkmann R, Kinge S, Ely TO, Armand M (2004) Chloride free Pt- and PtRu- nanoparticles stabilised by armand s ligand as precursors for fuel cell catalysts. Fuel Cells 4(4) 289-296... 

Fig. 1 a RDE and b RRDE tests for PANI- and PPy-based catalysts. Fuel cell performance of PANI- and PPy-derived catalysts c polarization plots, d life tests. Cell temperature 80 C anode— 0.25 mg cm Pt on a woven-web GDL (E-TEK), 30 psig H2 cathode—catalyst loading 4 mg cm membrane— Nafion 1135. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41], copyright (2009) The Electrochemical Society... 

Davies, J.C., et al. 2004. CO desorption rate dependence on CO partial pressure over platinum fuel cell catalysts. Fuel Cells 4 309-319. 

Keywords Bacterial cellulose, composite, magnetic materials, catalyst, fuel cell, optical device, electrically conducting material... 

The German company Siemens later modified these electrodes with skeleton metal catalysts. Small amounts of titanium were added to the anodic nickel catalysts, and nickel, bismuth, and titanium were added to the cathodic silver catalysts. Fuel cells with such electrodes and a matrix electrolyte operated at 95°C and a current density of 400 mA/cm had a working voltage of 0.8 to 0.9 V. 

One of the properties of enzyme systems that is of great interest for fuel cells in general is their high selectivity. If the universal but absolutely nonselective platinum catalysts could be replaced by other, highly selective catalysts, fuel cells with a mixed reactant supply that have considerably higher technical and economic efficiency could be built. This problem is discussed in Chapter 18. 

Buchanan J.S., Hards G.A., Keck L., and Potter R.J. (1992) Investigation into the superior oxygen reduction activity of platinum alloy phosphoric acid fuel cell catalysts, Fuel Cell Seminar Abstracts, Tucson, Arizona, U.S. 

Davies, J. C., Nielsen, R. M., Thomsen, L. B., Chorkendorff, 1., Logadottir, A., Lodziana, Z., Norskov, J. K., Li, W. X., Hammer, B., Longwitz, S. R., Schnadt, J., Vestergaard, E. K., Vang, R. T, and Besenbacher, F. (2004). CO Desorption rate dependence on CO partial pressure over platinum fuel cell catalysts. Fuel Cells 4(4) 309-319 de Bruijn, F. (2005). Current status of fuel cell technology for mobile and stationary applications. Green Chem. 7(3) 132-150... 

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