Industrial cleaning applications

Oils and fats have been important throughout human history not only for food, but also as lubricants, polishes, ointments, and fuel. The reaction of oils and fats with alkali (saponification) produces soap (salts of fatty acids) and glycerin. This chemical process was known to the Romans and continues to be of significant commercial importance. Today, tens of thousands of tons of soap are produced annually from tallow and plant oils. Tallow is a by-product of the meat industry, while the principal plant oils are dependent on extensive plantations—palm and palm kernel oils from Indonesia, Malaysia, and India, and coconut oil from the Philippines and Brazil. Twentieth-century chemists designed more effective synthetic, crude-oil-based surface-active agents (surfactants, e.g., sodium linearalkylbenzene-sulfonate or LAS) for fabric, household, and industrial cleaning applications, and specialty surfactants to meet the needs of consumer products industry such as milder skin and hair cleansers. 

Water Treatment Industrial Cleaning Applications. Boiler and cooling tower waters are treated with lignosulfonates to prevent scale deposition (93). In such systems, lignosulfonates sequester hard water salts and thus prevent their deposition on metal surfaces. They can also prevent the precipitation of certain insoluble heat-coagulable particles (94). Typical use-levels for such applications range from 1 to 1000 ppm. 

Other proven uses of the DBE solvents are in industrial cleaning applications, for resin cleanup in foam and molding operations, as solvents for printing inks, as textile lubricants, and as a binder in foundry cores. 

Electrostatic precipitators have been used in various gas-cleaning applications almost for a century. During the past decades, a large number of modifi cations to electrostatic precipitators have been developed, the nn.ist common being duct and pipe types. The utilization of electrostatic precipitation extends from small household air cleaners up to huge industrial gas-cleaning systems. 

In the chemical industry and in research alone more than 1700 trade name products and chemicals are used as solvents (Ash and Ash, 1996). The worldwide solvents market is estimated at over 30 billions pounds per year. Solvents are used in a wide range of industries and applications including metal cleaning and degreasing, dry cleaning operations, automotive and aviation fuel additives, paints, varnishes, lacquers, paint removers, plastics and rubber products, adhesives, textiles, printing inks, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. 

Water is an excellent solvator and dissolves many chemicals, particularly metal ions. Since some metal ions are essential to human health in the right dose, removing them completely to make demineralized water is not desirable. Hence metal ions will be part of the water used by humans, not just for drinking but also during domestic chemistry such as washing and cleaning, and for most industrial chemistry. However, metal ions can be undesirable for some domestic or industrial chemistry applications. 

Drum dried flakes find their biggest outlet in industrial detergent mixtures where the original 30 to 90% active flakes are frequently dry-mixed with alkali builders for specific cleaning applications. 

Applications Industrial cleaning and degreasing Notes Long term storage should be in plastic containers, as will etch glass Formula 1-109... 

Applications Industrial cleaning, metal, concrete, etc. Formula LV-100... 

The principles outlined in Section 3.6.6 apply to both the removal and anti-redeposi-tion of soils, and to detergency in both industrial and personal care situations. There are, however, some differences between the application of detergency in an industrial setting (Section 12.2.1) and in a household setting. For example, whereas industrial cleaning usually involves hard surfaces that cannot mechanically hold soil, fabrics can hold soil mechanically, even after the soil has been removed from the fibre surfaces. In addition, fabrics can usually swell in aqueous solution, are permeable to small molecules, and may contain charged or polar surface groups that can interact with soil. An effective shampoo or skin cleaner needs to displace dirt and keep it dispersed so it does not redeposit before the hair or skin can be rinsed. 

Lactic acid is an important chemical that has wide applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. There are increasing interests in production of lactate esters and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) from lactic acid. Lactate esters are a relatively new family of solvents with specific properties. They are considered safe and are biodegradable (1). In many situations they can replace toxic solvents. Their functions vary from that of intermediates in chemical reactions to solvents in ink formulations and cleaning applications (2). PLA has been widely used in medical implants, sutures, and drug-delivery systems because of its capacity to dissolve over time (3-5). PLA also can be used in products such as plant pots, disposable diapers, and textile fabrics. 

Sulfonated lignin is predominately used as a stabiliser in drilling muds and emulsions. However it has a wide range of other potential, though relatively low value, applications, including use as a dispersant in paints, clay, porcelain, dyes, pesticides and industrial cleaning agents. It is also used as a binder and filler in... 

The esters formed in this process are hydrolysed in both acid and base conditions and are much less stable than alcohol ethoxylates. This limits the applications in detergents but they have many industrial uses. In the textile industry they have good emulsifying, lubricating, dispersive and antistatic properties. They are also used widely in personal care, institutional and industrial cleaning, crop protection, paints and coatings and adhesives. 

Span surfactants are lipophilic and are generally soluble or dispersible in oil, forming water in oil emulsions. They are used for their excellent emulsification properties in personal care, industrial cleaning, fibre finish, crop protection, water treatment, paints and coatings, lubricant and other industrial applications. 

Lessons may also be learned from applications of control systems in the food processing industries. These applications must satisfy hygiene requirements (including periodic cleaning and sterilization), time constraints imposed by product perishability, and requirements for accurate records of sources and operation histories of materials.21 The industry also experiences slim profit margins, short production runs, and frequent product changeovers—characteristics shared with many industrial bioprocesses. 

Industrial clean compressed air supply systems normally operate at about 550 kPa to 710 kPa (80 psi to 100 psi) and this pressure may be sufficient for many forming applications. Certain pressure forming equipment operate at pressures up to about 2500 kPa (360 psi), with some processes operating up to at least 4 MPa (580 psi). These pressures are very low when compared to those commonly used for injection molding or extrusion (Chapters 4 and 5). 

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