Human fractions isolated from

Saponins are a family of glycosides (sugar derivatives) widely distributed in plants. Each saponin consists of a sugar moiety bound to a sapogenin (either a steroid or a triterpene). The immunostimulatory properties of the saponin fraction isolated from the bark of Quillaja (a tree) has been long recognized. Quil A (which consists of a mixture of related saponins) is used as an adjuvant in selected veterinary vaccines. However, its haemolytic potential precludes its use in human vaccines. Research efforts continue in an attempt to identify individual saponins (or derivatives thereof) that would make safe and effective adjuvants for use in human medicine. 

Oulton M, Martin TR> Faulkner GT, Stinson D, Johnson JP. Developmental study of a lamellar body fraction isolated from human amniotic fluid. Pediatr Res 1980 14 722-8. 

Ml. McPhail, L. C., DeChatelet, L. R, and Johnston, R. B., Jr., Generation of chemiluminescence by a particulate fraction isolated from human neutrophils. Analysis of molecular events. J. Clin. Invest. 63, 648-655 (1979). 

Several studies have explored the anti-platelet effect produced by naturally occurring quinones. For example, the quinone fraction isolated from Auxemma oncocalyx (Allem/Eo) is a reversible and concentration-dependent inhibitor of human platelet aggregation induced by ADP, arachidonic acid, collagen and thrombin [298], Zhang et al. [299] studied the antiplatelet effects of 2-chloro-3-(4-acetophenyl)-amino-l,4-naphthoquinone. This... 

N3. Niu, X., Zammit, V., Upston, J. M., Dean, R. T., and Stocker, R., Coexistence of oxidized lipids and alpha-tocopherol in all lipoprotein density fractions isolated from advanced human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 19, 1708-1718 (1999). 

Hughes, W. L., jr. Preparation and Properties of Serum and Plasma Proteins. XIV. An Albumin Fraction Isolated from Human Plasma as a Crystalline Mercuric Salt. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 69, 1836 (1947). ... 

Bergeron, J. J. M., Posner, B. 1., Josefsberg, Z., and Sikstrom, R., 1978, Intracellular polypeptide hormone receptors. The demonstration of specific binding sites for insulin and human growth hormone in Golgi fractions isolated from the liver of female rats, /. Biol. Chem. 253 4058. 

In a study completed during the early development of f.a.b.-m.s., both f.d. and f.a.b. were used to characterize 101 fractions containing neutral oligosaccharides isolated from human milk. Samples were examined as their peracetylated alditols. In subsequent work, the structures of two minor acidic oligosaccharides from human milk were investigated. The per-methylated derivatives were analyzed by f.a.b.-m.s., and their compositions and sequences were defined by the f.a.b. data. Methylation analysis and partial formolysis were the other principal methods used. 

A glyceryl 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid has been isolated from Tetrahymenapyriformis and (45) has been detected by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry in both the lipid and proteinaceous fractions of human brain. The zwitterionic (45) was converted into volatile (46) by acetylation and methylation. Phosphonolipids derived from A-methyl-(45) have been synthesised by acetylation of A-methyl-(45) and subsequent conversion to the phosphorochloridate for the phosphorylation step. °... 

As early as 1905 Abderhalden (Al) isolated from the hydrolyzate of the nondiffusible fraction of human urine four amino acids, i.e., leucine, alanine, glycine, and glutamic acid, and detected two others phenylalanine and aspartic acid. Some amino acids derived from this fraction have been quantitatively determined by Albanese et al. (A3) who found in the amount of the nondiffusible fraction corresponding to one liter of urine as much as 32.8 mg tryptophan, 18.0 mg phenylalanine, 16.2 mg methionine, 15.2 mg cystine, 13.1 mg arginine, 6.7 mg histidine, and 3.9 mg tyrosine. 

Special attention should be paid to polypeptides isolated from a non-diffusible fraction of normal human urine by Boulanger et al. (BIO). By means of paper chromatography they isolated from this mixture seven single polypeptides and determined their amino acid composition. The results of the analyses are given in Table 3. 

In order to identify novel lead compounds with antiviral effects, methanol and aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants in the Zingiberaceae family were screened for inhibition of proteases from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). By bioassay-guided fractionation, eight fiavones were isolated from the black rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall, ex Baker. The most effective inhibitors, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyfiavone and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, inhibited HIV-1 protease, with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values of 19 0,M. Moreover, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone inhibited HCV protease and HCMV protease, with IC50 values of 190 and 250 pM, respectively. 

Similarly, concern about minute amounts of contaminants co-purified with human growth hormone extracted from brain tissues, which could lead to the development of Jacob-Kreutzfeld syndrome, inevitably resulted in the development of recombinant human growth hormone. Inactivated hepatitis B particles isolated from hepatitis B-positive patients were originally used to prevent hepatitis B virus infection, but a small fraction of individuals became infected through vaccination. When the hepatitis B surface antigen was... 

Antibodies and derivatives Tetnus immune globulin (human), isolated from solubilized Cohn Fraction II BayTet 250 U vial or syringe IM (deep) NA... 

Tetnus immune globulin (human), isolated from solubilized Cohn fraction II... 

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