Cracking, petroleum

Olefins obtained from petroleum cracking gave mixed dipropylalkylphos-phonates when heated in a similar manner with dipropyl phosphite in the presence of di-r-butyl peroxide for 16 h at 130°C. 

Distillates (petroleum), cracked steam-cracked petroleum distillate... 

Hydrogen Hydrogen recovery was the first large commercial membrane gas separation. Polysulfone fiber membranes became available in 1980 at a time when H2 needs were rising, and these novel membranes quickly came to dominate the market. Apphcations include recovery of H2 from ammonia purge gas, and extraction of H2 from petroleum cracking streams. Hydrogen once diverted to low-quality fuel use is now recovered to become ammonia, or is used to desulfurize fuel, etc. H2 is the fast gas. 

ACR [Advanced Cracking Reactor] A thermal petroleum cracking process, the heat being provided by partial combustion of the feed at 2,000°C. Developed by Chiyoda Chemical Engineering Construction Company, Kureha Chemical Industry Company, and Union Carbide Corp. in the 1970s. A demonstration plant was operated in Seadrift, TX, from 1979 to 1981. 

Dieselmax A petroleum cracking process which combines mild hydrocracking with thermal cracking to maximize the production of middle distillate without using more hydrogen than hydrocraking alone. Developed by UOP. 

Dubrovai A petroleum cracking process, deriving its heat from partial combustion. Operated in the USSR. 

Dynacracking A petroleum cracking process which combines the best features of the "catalytic cracking and Thermal cracking processes. It converts heavy oil feedstocks to fuel gas, gasoline, and fuel oil. No catalyst is used. Developed in the 1950s by Hydrocarbon Research, but not commercialized. 

GPB [Geon process butadiene] A process for extracting butadiene from C4 petroleum cracking fractions, developed by Nippon Zeon. It was in use by more than 30 plants in 1985. 

Holmes-Manley An early mixed-phase petroleum cracking process. 

Houdresid A catalytic petroleum cracking process, similar to Houdriflow, adapted to processing residues. 

Houdriflow A catalytic petroleum cracking process in which the beads of catalyst move continuously through the reactor and the catalyst regenerator. 

Houdry The first catalytic petroleum cracking process, based on an invention by E. J. Houdiy in 1927, which was developed and commercialized by the Houdry Process Corporation. The process was piloted by the Vacuum Oil Company, Paulsboro, NJ, in the early 1930s. The catalyst was contained in a fixed bed. The first successful catalyst was an aluminosilicate mineral. Subsequently, other related catalysts were developed by Houdry in the United States, by I. G. Farbenindustrie in Germany, and by Imperial Chemical Industries in England. After World War II, the clay-based catalysts were replaced by a variety of synthetic catalysts, many based on alumino-silicates. Later, these too were replaced by zeolites. U.S. Patents 1,837,963 1,957,648 1,957,649. 

THERMOCAT A petroleum cracking process which combines frxed-bed catalytic cracking with steam cracking. Developed by Veba Oel and Linde from 1994. See PYROCAT. 

The increasing demand for REE in applications ranging from petroleum cracking catalysts to fertilizers, or from essential computing hardware to nuclear power plants means that research and... 

Zirconium-95 is the most important of the artificial radioactive isotopes of zirconium. It is placed in pipelines to trace the flow of oil and other fluids as they flow through the pipes. It is also used as a catalyst in petroleum-cracking plants that produce petroleum products from crude oil. 

Butadiene extraction accounts for some 15% of the U.S. supply of butadiene, which is extracted from the C4 cuts from the high-temperature petroleum cracking processes. Furfural or cuprous ammonia acetate is commonly used for the solvent extraction. 

This most widely used black pigment is also in the top 50 chemicals. About 4.0 billion lb of carbon black were made in 2001. Commercial value was 1.4 billion at 35C/lb, but 93% of this is used for reinforcement of elastomers. Only 7% is used in paints and inks. Carbon black is made by the partial oxidation of residual hydrocarbons from crude oil. See Chapter 6, Section 7.2. The hydrocarbons are usually the heavy by-product residues from petroleum cracking, ideally high in aromatic content and low in sulfur and ash, bp around 260°C. 

Kaolinite is the main constituent in china clay used to make porcelain. The layers are largely held together by van der Waals forces. Bentonite is used in cosmetics, as a filler for soaps, and as a plasticizer, and it is used in drilling-muds as a suspension stabilizer. Bentonite and kaolinite clays are used, after treatment with sulfuric acid to create acidic surface sites, as petroleum cracking catalysts. Asbestos also has a layered structure (Section 12.13). 

Coke is obtained by destructive distillation or carbonization of bituminous coal, coal-tar pitch and petroleum produced during petroleum cracking. Coke from bituminous coal is used to reduce iron ore in blast furnaces and to produce synthesis gas. Petroleum coke or that obtained from coal-tar pitch is used in electrolytic reduction of aluminum oxide to aluminum and in the preparation of several metal carbides.. ... 

One of the most important apphcations of palladium is to catalyze hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and petroleum cracking. Such reactions are widely employed in organic syntheses and petroleum refining. Palladium and platinum are installed in catalytic converters in automobiles to cut down the emission of unsaturated hydrocarbon gasses. 

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