United States consumption

Worldwide, triple superphosphate, over the period 1955 to 1980, maintained about a 15% share of the phosphate fertilizer market (Fig. 8). World consumption for the year ended June 30, 1991 (9) was equivalent to 3.6 x 10 t of P20, which was about 10% of world fertilizer P2O5 consumption. In the United States, consumption for the year ended June 30, 1990 (Fig. 7) was equivalent to about 240 x 10 t of P20, which represented only 6% of U.S. fertilizer P2O5 consumption. 

The U.S. production of argon is summarized in Table 5. Because argon is a by-product of air separation, its production is ca 1% that of air feed. Total 1988 United States consumption of neon, krypton, and xenon was 36,400, 6,800, and 1,200 m, respectively (88). 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

The United States consumption of manganese is distributed between three industries iron and steelmaking, where 88% of the Mn is consumed the manufacture of batteries, where 7% is used and chemical usage, which accounts for the remaining 5%. United States manganese demand is shown in Figure 12. 

Economic Aspects and Uses. Almost all ammonium sulfate is used as a fertilizer for this purpose it is valued both for its nitrogen content and for its readily available sulfur content. In 1986/1987 United States consumption of ammonium sulfate was 0.57 million metric tons (34) world consumption during the same period was estimated at 13.3 million metric tons. In North America ammonium sulfate is largely recovered from caprolactam production. 

Table 2. United States Consumption of Ethylene Glycol-Based Automotive Antifreeze ...

Table 4. Annual United States Consumption of Bismuth Metal, t ...

The apparent United States consumption of cadmium in 1988 was estimated to be 3620 t. Of the 2482 t imported, over 85% came from Canada, Mexico, Germany, and AustraUa. The principal domestic producers and suppHers of cadmium metal are ASARCO, Inc. Big River Zinc Corp. Jersey Miniure Zinc Co. and Zinc Corp. of America. 

United States consumption of carbon disulfide totaled about 108,000 t in 1990 according to SRI International, with the following distribution by end use appHcation 46,000 tons for rayon 33,000 tons for carbon tetrachloride 12,000 tons for mbber 5,000 tons for cellophane and 12,000 tons for agricultural and miscellaneous uses (129). During 1991 the carbon tetrachloride appHcation disappeared entirely thereby reducing the aimuali2ed carbon disulfide usage to an estimated 75,000 tons. Net exports are around 6,000 tons, and are expected to increase in the future. 

In 1988, the United States consumption of monochlorobenzene was 120 million kilograms 42% for the production of nitrochlorobenzenes, 28% for solvent uses, and the remaining 30% for other appHcations such as diphenyl ether, ortho- and i ra-phenylphenols, sulfone polymers, and diphenyldichlorosilane, an intermediate for specialty siHcones. 

In 1989, the estimated United States consumption of synthetic polyisoprene was 51,000 metric tons, and of natural mbber 890,000 metric tons (84). The price for synthetic i7j -l,4-polyisoprene, namely, Natsyn 2200, Natsyn 2205, or Natsyn 2210 in the United States in August, 1992, was 1.98/kg in carload or tmckload quantities fob at Beaumont, Texas (87). The price of synthetic /n j -l,4-polyisoprene from Kuraray Co., Ltd. in the United States was 21.80/kg in 545-kglots (88). 

Table 12. United States Consumption Pattern for Ethylene Oxide ...

Figure 1. United States Consumption of Internal Combustion Engine Fuels...

The output of cadmium pigments in the industrialized countries in 1995 was approximately 3000 t, of which approx. 2000 t were produced in Europe and 500 t in the United States. Consumption is distributed approximately as follows plastics 90%, ceramics 8% and others 2%. 

Figure 5 shows the result. If the historical relationship between economic growth and energy consumption continues and if the economic forecast is approximately correct, then by the year 2000 Canada will be consuming over 20 quadrillion Btu s compared with slightly over 5 quadrillion in 1970. This is less than one-third of United States consumption today. On a per capita basis, it would mean that for each of the 35 million Canadians assumed at that time, about 585 million Btu s would be consumed annually compared with about 250 million today. (Again the competent economists quoted earlier suggest that per capita consumption in the United States will reach 450 million Btu s as early as 1985.)... 

The unsaponifiables of woolwax, known as woolwax alcohols, are in considerable demand by cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Woolwax has a great affinity for water, of which it will absorb 25 to 30%. Refined woolwax is kneaded with water to produce a water-white, colorless oiiilmenL, known as hydrous lanolin or lanolin USP. Anhydrous lanolin is widely used in cosmetic creams, since it is readily absorbed by the skin. It is also used m leather dressings and shoe pastes, as a superfatting agent for toilet soap, as a protective coating for metals, etc. United States consumption of wool wax is about 1.5 million lb/year. 

Zinc Alloys. There has been considerable worldwide activity in the area of plating zinc alloys. This interest results from efforts to improve the corrosion resistance of automobiles and automotive components without using cadmium (150). The use of zinc—alloy plated coil for automotive body steel originated in Japan, has spread through Europe, and more recendy has come to the United States. Three zinc alloys dominate the interest zinc—nickel, zinc—iron, and zinc—cobalt. Europe produces predominantly zinc—nickel. In Japan, zinc—nickel and zinc—iron are more popular (151). The annual worldwide nickel consumption for zinc—nickel alloy plating has been estimated at 2700—3175 metric tons (152). In the United States, consumption is estimated at about 225 metric tons for this purpose. Alloys are generally 6—12% nickel. Usage is expected to increase. 

The largest consumer of alkylamines are the United States, followed by Western Europe (at —70% of the United States consumption) and Japan (at —25% of the United States consumption).116... 

Worldwide use of plasticizers by the early 1980s was about 7 billion pounds, with the United States consumption accounting for about 30%. Extensive technical data on evaluation and performance of plasticizers as well as theory of mechanisms have been published... 

Vinyl acetate s main use is as a monomer. Consumption patterns vary by world area, however. In the United States, consumption in 2002 was as follows 82%, poly(vinyl acetates) including poly(vinyl alcohol) 8%, ethylene vinyl acetate ... 

Over 40 years of extensive use testifies to their safety and efficiency, and in the United States consumption of 2,4-D alone is in excess of 32 000 tonnes per annum. It is produced by some six companies and marketed in over 15000 different formulations. 2,4-D and MCPA possess several advantages ... 

Some Values for the United States Consumption of Calcium Chloride, 1000 st/yr of equivalent 77-78% CaCl2... 

The United States consumption of calcium chloride is estimated in Table 2.18, indicating that there has been very little increase in the consumption rate over the period from 1965 to 1999. Table 2.19 lists an estimated average sales price for both solid and liquid calcium chloride since 1982, based upon... 

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