Hydrocarbon fractions, from

Compositional analysis shows a decrease in the percentage of polar compounds in the oils with increasing residence time (see Table II). The decrease in polar content is substantiated by a lower sulphur content and results in a lower viscosity (see Table II). The oil becomes more aromatic, as shown by n.m.r. spectroscopy (see Table II), with increasing time at temperature, while the molecular weights showed little change. G.l.c. analysis of the saturate hydrocarbon fractions from elution chromatography indicated little change in the saturates with residence time. 

Dunn and Stich [78] and Dunn [79] have described a monitoring procedure for polyaromatic hydrocarbons, particularly benzo[a]pyrene in marine sediments. The procedures involve extraction and purification of hydrocarbon fractions from the sediments and determination of compounds by thin layer chromatography and fluorometry, or gas chromatography. In this procedure, the sediment was refluxed with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, then filtered and the filtrate extracted with isooctane. The isooctane extract was cleaned up on a florisil column, then the polyaromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from the isoactive extract with pure dimethyl sulphoxide. The latter phase was contacted with water, then extracted with isooctane to recover polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The overall recovery of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in this extract by fluorescence spectroscopy was 50-70%. 

Fig. 2 a - c. GC-MS traces (m/z 99 key ion) of various aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions from different environmental matrices a sediment - Red Sea b water - Red Sea c Kuwait crude oil spill... 

Reforming is a relatively clean process. The volume of wastewater flow is small, and none of the wastewater streams has high concentrations of significant pollutants. The wastewater is alkaline, and the major pollutant is sulfide from the overhead accumulator on the stripping tower used to remove light hydrocarbon fractions from the reactor effluent. The overhead accumulator catches any water that may be contained in the hydrocarbon vapors. In addition to sulfides, the wastewater contains small amounts of ammonia, mercaptans, and oil. 

With the demonstration of supercritical fluid extraction, an obvious extension would be to extract or dissolve the compounds of interest into the supercritical fluid before analysis with SFC.(6) This would be analogous to the case in HPLC, where the mobile phase solvent is commonly used for dissolving the sample. The work described here will employ a system capable of extracting materials with a supercritical fluid and introducing a known volume of this extract onto the column for analysis via SFC. Detection of the separated materials will be by on-line UV spectroscopy and infrared spectrometry. The optimized SFE/SFC system has been used to study selected nonvolatile coal-derived products. The work reported here involved the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions from this residuum material. Residua at several times were taken from the reactor and examined which provided some insight into the effects of catalyst decay on the products produced in a pilot plant operation. 

Application To produce polymer-grade ethylene and propylene by thermal cracking of hydrocarbon fractions—from ethane through naphtha up to hydrocracker residue. Byproducts are a butadiene-rich C4 stream, a Cg— Cg gasoline stream rich in aromatics and fuel oil. 

The CHX extracts from B3 and POWl were the only extracts of the seven that contained pristane. The bituminous coal, POWl, extract had more pristane than the B3 extract. Table III. Phytane was not detected in any of the extracts, although both pristane and phytane were found in all of the coal liquefaction products from B3, BBl, WYOl, and POWl. The ratio of pristane to phytane was about 5 1. It has been reported that the pristane content of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction from subbituminous coals of more than 76% C begins to increase ( 1). The increase in phytane begins roughly at 83-85% C. 

A number of hydrocarbon fractions from liquefaction products produced at GFETC from the coals studied here were investigated using selected ion profiles of the capillary GC/MS data. None of the hydrocarbon biological markers other than the acyclic alkanes already discussed were detected. There were no sesquiterpenes, sesquiter-panes, steranes, triterpanes or other cyclic terpenoids found. 

J. Walendziewski and W. Radwan Hydrocarbon fraction from the plant for contin-uons cracking of waste plastics in Recycling of waste plastics, 2002. Ill International Scientific Conference, Jesenik, Czech Repnbhc, September 2002, Wroc3aw Oficyna Wydaw. PWroc. 227 (2002), (in Pohsh). 

Since in the simplified procedure only the hydrocarbon fraction from silica is reseparated on alumina, while in the extended procedure all the material remaining after removal of the saturates is rechromatographed on alumina, the contents of polyaromatics from the former is necessarily lower (9.4% ) than from the latter (28.6% ) procedure. The balance of material is represented in the simplified procedure by fraction Polar 1 (see also References 2, 3, and below). 

A chromatogram of the hydrocarbon fraction from an olive oil admixed with des-terolized, refined seed oil is shown in Figure 12. Ratios of stigmasta-3,5-diene to campesta-3,5-diene (Rl) and stigmasta-3,5-diene to stigmasta-3,5,22-triene (R2) are determined when the level of stigmasta-3,5-diene exceeds 4 ppm (12). 

In general, the less heat is applied the greater the cost savings. As heat is applied at production facilities by fuel-gas-fired heaters, any increase in heat is reflected in fuel-gas consumption. The addition of heat also boils lighter hydrocarbon fractions from the crude oil less product at a lower API gravity (defined in the Glossary) results. Addition of heat also accelerates rates of corrosion and increases the likelihood of scale formation on vessel internals, particularly the fire tubes. 

Alkyl Shifts from Secondary to Primary Carbon. The deamination of isobutylamine (631) produces a small amount of methylcyclopropane (3% of the hydrocarbon fraction from deamination in aqueous acetic acid, up to 15% in aprotic solvents)467. The methylcyclopropane may eventually arise from the deprotonation of (632). The intervention of the open 2-butyl cation (633) is clearly indicated by the... 

Figure 3. GC-FID chromatogreuns of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction from marine and coastal flora. Numbers indicate n-alkane carbon number represented by the adjacent chromatographic peak. I.S. indicates the position of the internal standard (5,0i-androstane) chromatographic peak.

Table 4. Hydrocarbon fractions from petroleum distillation120)...

The behavior of several hydrocarbon fractions from petroleum has been investigated under a variety of electrical discharge conditions. An effort has been made to pyrolyze petroleum or the various hydrocarbon fractions from petroleum distillation. A great deal of this work involves the use of electrode discharges in liquid hydrocarbons. 

A number of arc reactors and plasma jets have been described for the electrocracking of liquid hydrocarbon fractions from petroleum distillation. Because of higher content of unsaturated hydrocarbons and the absence of 02, CO and C02, plasma pyrolysis is preferred over oxidative pyrolysis. 

Fig. 7. 8 Gas chromatogram of the total hydrocarbons fraction from a heavily biodegraded oil, showing the unresolved complex mixture (UCM).The elution range of the UCM is broadly equivalent to the re-alkane range shown in Fig. 4.16.The broken line shows the approximate zero signal (the elevated section towards right corresponds to the signal created by bleed of stationary phase at higher temperature see Box 4.3).

During reforming, over 90 percent of the THC emissions were methane. The composition of the hydrocarbons was analyzed and the presence of toxic contaminants determined. Figure 3 shows the hydrocarbon fractions from fuel processor tests in terms of methane and NMHCs. Samples from these tests were also analyzed to determine the speciated hydrocarbon emissions profile over various operating loads. Figure 4 shows the results of the speciation analysis, in terms of the fraction of olefins and saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons that comprise the NMHCs. Aromatics and saturated hydrocarbons comprise almost all of the NMHC emissions. The fraction of NMHC as aromatics was close to the fraction of aromatics in the test gasoline for several samples taken from the PrOx and the tail gas combustor (TGC). The TGC burned reformer product gas. 

Rock samples were extracted using methylene chloride and a Soxhlet apparatus and the resulting extract was further fractionated by a semi-quantitative SARA separation. After asphaltenes were removed from the concentrated extract by precipitation with excess pentane, the pentane soluble portion of the sample was separated by medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) using a deactivated silica gel precolumn and an activated silica gel main column by eluting the saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions from the activated silica column with hexane in the forward and back-flush modes respectively. Polar nonhydrocarbons were backflushed from the precolumn with methylene chloride-methanol. Carbon isotopes were done on a subset of hydrocarbon fractions at Coastal Sciences Labs, Austin, TX (Table 3). 

Fig. 13. GCMS total ion current (TIC) for aromatic hydrocarbon fractions from lJ-14 well have low amounts of low molecular weight two and three ring aromatics like other Kuparuk sandstone core extracts (a) SWC-43, (b) SWC-31, (c) SWC-18 and (d) MDT oil.

It is interesting to compare the results obtained when 2-propanol was added to those when 1-propanol was added. First, 2-propanol did not enter into the building of higher hydrocarbons to the same extent as the primary alcohol only 1 molecule in 7 of the C4 hydrocarbons and 1 in 27 of the C9 hydrocarbons were produced from the radioactive 2-propanol. Second, there was a steady drop in the radioactivity of the hydrocarbon fractions from 900 for the C4 hydrocarbons to 250 for C9 hydrocarbons when 2-propanol was added, whereas this remained nearly constant when a normal alcohol was... 

The second metal (Pt) modifying the C0-M/AI2O3 catalyst for producing hard hydrocarbon fractions from the s5mthesis-gas has been found earlier. In this work aimed at optimising the composition of the C0-M/AI2O3 catalyst, twelve samples with varying contents of second metal from 0 to 5.0 wt.% have been studied. 

Mechanism Analysis of the lower boiling hydrocarbon fraction from the liquid propene polymer indicates the presence of 2-methyl-l-pentene, 2-methyl-2-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, and cis- and trans-4 methyl-2-pentene. These reaction products are those anticipated for a typical acid catal)rzed polymerization of propene as outlined below. 

Fishman and Erdmann (1971) have recently reviewed the topic of water analysis. Among the infrared methods mentioned were the following the use of internal reflection spectroscopy for the analysis of optically opaque samples the determination of total carbon in waste waters the quantitative determination of total CO2 in sea water the determination of the deuterium content in water the use of spectra of hydrocarbon fractions from the acid part of organic substances in natural waters and the use of infrared for the identification of organic substances in water. 

FIGURE 4.10 Industrial installation in Poland for dephenoliza-tion of the hydrocarbon fraction. (From Sirkar, K.K., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41,5250,2008.)... 

FIGURE 19. Gas-liquid chromatograms of (a) thiourea adduct and (b) a non-adduct portion of branched-cyclic hydrocarbon fraction from Green River shale. Conditions 1.5 m x 2 mm column 4% JXR on Chromosorb G. Programmed 100-300 °C, ca 5° min 62.64 Reproduced by permission of Springer-Verlag... 

The differences in hydrocarbon patterns in surface waxes and in the components of interior tissue are illustrated by analysis of pupae of Manduca (tobacco hornworm). n-Alkanes only comprised ca 3% of the hydrocarbon fraction of the cuticular wax, the balance being unsaturated compounds. In contrast, internal tissues (fat bodies, muscle, gut) contained the same carbon spectrum (C21 to C41) as in the wax but now branched alkanes made up the bulk of the hydrocarbon fraction ca 80%), followed by n-alkanes (9%) with the residue being unsaturated compounds The proportion of n-alkanes in the hydrocarbon fraction from cuticular wax of a Bombyx silkworm fell from 95 to 35% on passage from the larval to the pupal stage " and similar results have been found for Trichoplusia (cabbage looper) and Drosophilia (fruitfly) species. However, it is likely that the cuticular wax has a more stable composition over the adult life of most insects and is only synthesized at (low) rates sufficient to replace that lost by wear and tear. The site of synthesis has been demonstrated to be in the cuticle in a cockroach species no hydrocarbon synthesis occurred in preparations from fat bodies . 

Miskolczi, N. Bartha, L. Investigation of hydrocarbon fractions from waste plastic recycling by FTIR, GC, EDXRFS and SEC techniques. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 2008, 270, 1247-1253. 

Hydrocarbon fraction from oil into hexane X-shape, width 700 pm, glass 2.4-4.8... 

---