Petroleum, fractions from

The polymerization process of coal tar and petroleum fraction (from which aromatic hydrocarbon resins are obtained) are similar. The process is extensively described in the book by Mildenberg et al. [25]. There are three basic steps in the polymerization of coumarone-indene and hydrocarbon resins. 

Feeds to hydrotreatment units vary widely they could he any petroleum fraction, from naphtha to crude residues. The process is relatively simple choosing the desulfurization process depends largely on the feed type, the level of impurities present, and the extent of treatment needed to suit the market requirement. Table 3-12 shows the feed and product properties from a hydro treatment unit. ... 

Q CS9 Our society s demand for petroleum products has increased dramatically over the last century. Describe two techniques that can be used to transform the petroleum fractions from a fractionation tower, in order to meet this demand. 

For practical reasons, it is also useful to refer to three other types of sulfonates, namely, those derived from petroleum fractions, from lignin, and from fatty oils. These materials are mixtures of indeterminate or variable composition, probably comprising one or more of the main chemical types of sulfonates together with sulfates and other sulfur compounds, and are made largely by empirical procedures. All three types are commercially important. 

Comparison of the Asphaltene Liquids and from Petroleum Fraction from Coal... 

Table 24-6. Petroleum Fractions from the Distillation of Petroleum...

There are two major types of VDU ojjerations in a modem refinery -feedstock preparation and lubricant production. Feedstock preparation is the most common ojjeration that recovers gas oU from the atmospheric residue as a feed to the downstream conversion units (e.g. FCC and hydrocracking units), which converts the gas oil into more valuable liquid products such as gasoline and diesel. Lubricant production is designed to extract petroleum fractions from the atmospheric residue to produce luboil with desirable viscosity and other related properties. 

Benzene was first isolated by Faraday in 1825 from the liquid condensed by compressing oil gas. It is the lightest fraction obtained from the distillation of the coal-tar hydrocarbons, but most benzene is now manufactured from suitable petroleum fractions by dehydrogenation (54%) and dealkylation processes. Its principal industrial use is as a starting point for other chemicals, particularly ethylbenzene, cumene, cyclohexane, styrene (45%), phenol (20%), and Nylon (17%) precursors. U.S. production 1979 2-6 B gals. 

Edeleanu process An extraction process utilizing liquid sulphur dioxide for the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons and polar molecules from petroleum fractions. 

It is produced from petroleum fractions rich in naphthenes by catalytic reforming in the presence of hydrogen (hydroforming) in this process dehydrogenation .nd dealkylation... 

D 2887, applies to products and petroleum fractions whose final boiling points are equal to or below 538°C (1000°F), and have boiling points above 38°C (100°F). The results obtained are equivalent to those obtained from the TBP distillation, ASTM D 2892. 

To extend the applicability of the characterization factor to the complex mixtures of hydrocarbons found in petroleum fractions, it was necessary to introduce the concept of a mean average boiling point temperature to a petroleum cut. This is calculated from the distillation curves, either ASTM or TBP. The volume average boiling point (VABP) is derived from the cut point temperatures for 10, 20, 50, 80 or 90% for the sample in question. In the above formula, VABP replaces the boiling point for the pure component. 

Using the principle of corresponding states requires knowledge of pseudo-critical constants of petroleum fractions these should be estimated starting from characteristic properties which are the normal boiling temperature and the standard specific gravity. 

From the analytical results, it is possible to generate a model of the mixture consisting of an number of constituents that are either pure components or petroleum fractions, according to the schematic in Figure 4.1. The real or simulated results of the atmospheric TBP are an obligatory path between the experimental results and the generation of bases for calculation of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties for different cuts. 

The molar volume characteristics, V, for petroleum fractions and hydrocarbons can be obtained from the known density at temperature T ... 

This relation is used only for temperatures greater than 0°C. The average error is about 5 kJ/kg. Figure 4.5 gives the enthalpy for petroleum fractions whose is 11.8 as a function of temperature. For K, factors different from 11.8, a correction identical to that used for Cpi is used (to... 

The pour point of a cut or petroleum fraction can be derived from the characteristic properties by an expression published by the API ... 

Use a sample of purified n-heptane fraction from petroleum (1), b.p. 90-100° this consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons in which the heptanes predominate. Carry out the following tests. 

Liquid Fuels via Methanol Synthesis and Conversion. Methanol is produced catalyticaHy from synthesis gas. By-products such as ethers, formates, and higher hydrocarbons are formed in side reactions and are found in the cmde methanol product. Whereas for many years methanol was produced from coal, after World War II low cost natural gas and light petroleum fractions replaced coal as the feedstock. 

Properties. The properties of naphtha, gas od, and H-od products from an H-coal operation are given in Table 7. These analyses are for Hquids produced from the syncmde operating mode. Whereas these Hquids are very low in sulfur compared with typical petroleum fractions, they are high in oxygen and nitrogen levels. No residual od products (bp > 540° C) are formed. 

Properties. Pilot-unit data indicate the EDS process may accommodate a wide variety of coal types. Overall process yields from bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coals, which include Hquids from both Hquefaction and Flexicoking, are shown in Figure 14. The Hquids produced have higher nitrogen contents than are found in similar petroleum fractions. Sulfur contents reflect the sulfur levels of the starting coals ca 4.0 wt % sulfur in the dry bituminous coal 0.5 wt % in the subbituminous and 1.2 wt % sulfur in the dry lignite. 

G-9 Aromatic Petroleum Resins. Feedstocks typically used for aromatic petroleum resin synthesis boil in the approximate range of 100—300°C at atmospheric pressure, with most boiling in the 130—200°C range. The C-9 designation actually includes styrene (C-8) through C-10 hydrocarbons (eg, methylindene). Many of the polymerizable monomers identified in Table 1 for coumarone—indene type cmdes from coal tar are also present in aromatic fractions from cracked petroleum distillates. Therefore, the technology developed for the polymerization of coal-tar cmdes is also appHcable to petroleum-derived aromatic feedstocks. In addition to availabiHty, aromatic petroleum resins offer several advantages over coumarone—indene resins. These include improved color and odor, as weU as uv and thermal stabiHty (46). 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

Emulsives are solutions of toxicant in water-immiscible organic solvents, commonly at 15 ndash 50%, with a few percent of surface-active agent to promote emulsification, wetting, and spreading. The choice of solvent is predicated upon solvency, safety to plants and animals, volatility, flammabiUty, compatibihty, odor, and cost. The most commonly used solvents are kerosene, xylenes and related petroleum fractions, methyl isobutyl ketone, and amyl acetate. Water emulsion sprays from such emulsive concentrates are widely used in plant protection and for household insect control. 

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