Intermediate feedstocks

Intermediate feedstock preparation processes such as direct hydroconversion of vacuum residues, solvent deasphalting, improved coking will also make their appearance. 

Some additional dyad fractions from the research cited in the last problem J are reported at intermediate feedstock concentrations (M = vinylidene chloride M2 = isobutylene) ... 

Crude oils are refined to separate the mixture into simpler fractions that can be used as fuels, lubricants, or as intermediate feedstock to the petrochemical industries. A general knowledge of this composite mixture is essential for establishing a processing strategy. 

LAB is derived exclusively from petroleum- or natural gas-based feedstocks. Thus, it is referred to as a petrochemical (or synthetic) surfactant intermediate. Feedstocks for LAB production are generally paraffins (carbon chain length in the range of C8-C14) derived from kerosene and benzene. Internal olefins derived from ethylene are sometimes used in place of paraffins. 

The benzene-derived petrochemicals in Figure 4.15 are intermediate feedstocks for styrenic and phenolic plastics. In the styrenics chain, ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to styrene, to be used as polystyrene monomer or as a copolymer with acrylonitrile and butadiene. In the phenolics chain, cumene is an intermediate for making phenol. Bisphenol A is the condensation product of two moles of phenol and acetone. Phenol and Bisphenol A are used to manufacture resins and polycarbonates. Phenol and cyclohexane are the starting materials for the manufacture of nylon 6. 

Current technologies for the conversion of methane into gasoline, middle distillate and petrochemicals require initial formation of intermediate feedstocks such as synthesis gas, methanol and lower olefins which in turn must be converted to the desired products. Whilst adding an extra stage such an approach may add flexibility to the overall conversion of methane. For example, the production of lower olefins such as ethylene and propylene from methane has the potential to satisfy needs in the fuels, commodity and speciality chemicals a reas. 

With over 90% of synthetic organic materials presently produced from petroleum or natural gas, this chapter aims to show how we derive intermediate feedstocks or building blocks suitable for chemical processes from such raw materials and to illustrate the range of chemistry which can follow. 

The plant was separated into three distinct modules, instead of the previous practice of a single integrated unit. This would enable him to concentrate his (limited) design team on the design of the reactor section without regard to the other two simpler modules, whose delay could be accommodated. The penalty for this was two additional piperacks, extra pipework, and a need for more ground, but there were also other beneficial spin-offs separate and less expensive construction contractors could be used for the two smaller modules, and the feed preparation module could be commissioned and used to build up intermediate feedstock, while it was still safe to carry out hot work on the reactor section. 

The US Secretary of Agriculture in the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 defined a bio-based product as a commercial or industrial product (other than food or feed) that is composed, in whole or in significant part, of biological products or renewable domestic agricultural materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials) or forestry materials or an intermediate feedstock. Some examples of agricultural resources that make up many bio-based products include soybeans, com, flax, jute, and numerous other types of crops that are harvested. In other simple terms, bio-based products refer to products wholly or partly derived from biomass, such as plants, trees, or animals. 

This application has been developed by the Dow Corning Corporation, a large manufacturer of silicone materials, and was first reported in 1996 [30], Dow Coming produces its own chlorosilane intermediate feedstocks chlorosilane monomers can then be reacted in variety of way to produce different silicone polymers. One of the more important reaction involves the hydrolysis of dimethyl-dichlorosilane (Me2SiCl2) to polydimethylsiloxane [—Si(Me2)0—]. 

To obtain some idea regarding the changes in availability, one should compare the specific consumption by the rubber industry versus the overall consumption in nonrubber applications. This will give the reader some idea of the cross-elasticity of demand between rubber and nonrubber sectors for a given intermediate and its vulnerability to changes in availability and price. It should also be noted that many of these intermediate feedstocks are held captive by the chemical manufacturer, to be used exclusively to synthesize other chemical products. However, sometimes these manufacturers sell these feedstocks to distributors. In other cases, these feedstocks are sold directly to other chemical manufacturers. These other manufacturers might even have a pipeline directly from the nearby supplier. 

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