Field research

A second source of plutonium, dispersed more locally, is liquid effluent from fuel reprocessing facilities. One such is the fuel reprocessing plant at Windscale, Cumbria in the United Kingdom where liquid waste is released to the Irish Sea(6). Chemical analysis of this effluent shows that about one percent or less of the plutonium is in an oxidized form before it contacts the marine water(7). Approximately 95 percent of the plutonium rapidly adsorbs to particulate matter after discharge and deposits on the seabed while 5 percent is removed from the area as a soluble component ). Because this source provided concentrations that were readily detected, pioneering field research into plutonium oxidation states in the marine environment was conducted at this location. 

To promote the use of poor quality water for irrigation, a field research study was conducted in three semi-arid regions with water scarceness in Syria in order to define, under field conditions, the wheat yield response function to irrigation water salinity, the effect of soil texture and structural characteristics on the irrigation water salinity threshold, and to compare this value with the conventional threshold value. 

Howes, M. A. H., IIT Research Institute Hughes, R., Illinois State Geological Survey Hughes, T. R., Chevron Research Company Hunt, A. J., Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Irving, J. P., Chevron Oil Field Research Co. Jacques, D., Exxon Chemical Comparer Jefcoat, I. A., University of Alabama Jezl, J. L., Amoco Chemicals Company Jerome, J., Northwestern University... 

The field laboratory set up by the field research group is a key element to completing successful worker exposure/re-entry research. The field laboratory may be set up in close proximity to the treated field, but should be located at a reasonable distance from the treated area to avoid cross-contamination of field samples and field controls. 

The field laboratory must have running water, lavatory facilities, and electricity to facilitate hygiene of the Field Scientist crew and also to facilitate the use of air pump battery chargers and office equipment such as portable copiers which may be of value during the course of the field research. 

Study. Many of these supplies may be purchased at local supply stores or through research supply companies. Personal computers with Internet software, laptop notebooks, fax machines, and portable copiers should also be moved to the field laboratory to provide the field research staff with the most modem communication and office technology. 

Air sampling pumps should be calibrated and the planned flow rate should be set prior to using them in the study. The calibration of these air pumps should be accomplished with an air sorbent tube in place, which is similar to the type to be used in the study. Records on the calibration of the air pumps should be kept in the field research notebook for the study. 

In addition, the use of field fortification samples measures the carefulness factor of the Field Scientist during the field research and allows a Study Director/Manager or distant observer to obtain a quality control estimate on the field portion of the study. For this reason, the field fortification samples are usually meant to be different from laboratory procedural fortifications and are meant to be prepared under field conditions, which are considerably more rigorous than are controlled laboratory conditions. For example, environmental factors such as heat, humidity, wind, human stress, and other human factors such as fatigue to the Field Scientist are an integral part of any field worker exposure/re-entry study. Field fortifications made to matrices under these conditions will test and readily demonstrate the ability of the Field Scientist to perform such a difficult study under trying circumstances. 

Taking blood samples from volunteers is relatively easy, once they have given their consent, compared with taking urine samples. Usually, the volunteers are transported by a member of the field scientific team to a clinic near the test site where the blood samples are withdrawn and preserved by a trained certified professional nurse or doctor. The samples can then be preserved and sent to the clinical laboratory or analytical laboratory by the clinic or by the field research team. 

The collection of air samples using air tubes and/or filters is of value during the course of the field research when performing SDDBM studies. The air tube/air filter data can be used to estimate the portion of the total body burden, which originates from respiratory exposure to the active ingredient. Of course, if an organic vapor respirator is used by the worker as a matter of course, the respiratory exposure component should be backed out of the final exposure calculation. 

Richard C. Honeycutt, Ph.D., was born in Newport News, VA, in 1945. He attended Anderson University in Anderson, IN, from 1963 to 1967 and earned an A.B. in Chemistry. He received his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Purdue University in 1971 and served as a Postdoctoral Fellow from 1971 to 1973 at the Smithsonian Institution s Radiation Biology Laboratory. Dr. Honeycutt worked as a Senior Chemist at Rohm and Haas Company from 1973 to 1976 and as a Senior Metabolism Chemist at Ciba Geigy from 1976 to 1989. Currently, he is President of the Hazard Evaluation and Regulatory Affairs Company, Inc., which he founded in 1990, and is an analytical biochemist and field research specialist/consultant engaged in exposure assessment of pesticides to humans and the environment. 

One of the principal difficulties faced when employing Lagrangian micromixing models is the determination of tm based on properties of the turbulent flow fields. Researchers have thus attempted to use the universal nature of high-Reynolds-number isotropic turbulence to link tm to the turbulence time scales. For example, in the E-model (Baldyga and Bourne 1989) the engulfment rate essentially controls the rate of micromixing and is defined by... 

Hydroformylation as a very versatile method for functionalization of readily available olefins is to date applied mainly for bulk chemicals. The great potential for speciality and fine chemicals is only sparsely exploited and is still an open field. Research in development of new ligands is not the problem,... 

Previous field research has shown the large potential for losses of NOs but not the potential advantages of NO3 nutrition. Because NOs is rapidly reduced in the plant, and there are no simple methods for measuring NOs fluxes into the plant, it is difficult to quantify the extent of NOs absorption under field conditions. 

Support of the Department of Energy, National Science Foundation (CPE-82-01216), Amoco Production, Chevron Oil Field Research, Exxon Research and Engineering, Gulf Research and Development, Marathon Oil, Shell Developmmt, Standard Oil of Ohio, Texaco, and Union Oil, is gratefully acknowledged. 

The book concludes by providing an outlook on possible future development in this field. Researchers and practitioners engaged in active work on synthetic or mechanistic organic chemistry and its practical applications will find this text to be invaluable in both its scope and its depth. ... 

The experiments were done at the Farm Facility of the Agroecology Program at the University of California at Santa Cruz, where there are facilities for laboratory, greenhouse, and field research. The climate is Mediterranean, and averages 40 inches of rainfall annually. 

Containers, media and seeds. Glass Petri dishes, 100 x 15 cm, were used with two sheets of 75-mm Whatman 41 filter paper as the absorptive medium. Ten seeds of TAM105 wheat were placed in a radial pattern with the micropyle end toward the center between the two sheets of filter paper. Seeds were hand-selected for normal size and absence of damage. TAM105 was selected because it is the variety used in the ongoing field research on conservation tillage practices. The bottom section of each Petri dish cover was covered with a square of kitchen-type plastic wrap to retard moisture loss before the lid was pressed on. 

Estimates for Colombia for 1999 and subsequent years come from the national monitoring system established by the Colombian government with the support of UNODC. Due to the change of methodology, figures for 1999 and after cannot be directly compared with data from previous years. Production data for 2004 to 2006 is based on new field research in Colombia. 

Based on new field research on the coca leaf yield in the Yungas of La Paz, the potential production of cocaine HCl in Bolivia in 2006 was 94 metric tons, an increase by 18 per cent compared to the revised production estimate of 80 metric tons in 2005. The increase in cocaine production is much more pronounced than the coca cultivation increase due to the fact that most of the area increase took place in Chapare, where coca leaf yields are more than twice the amount recorded in the Yungas of La Paz. 

Capture-recapture models are another method based on probability considerations, which can be undertaken without additional field research.11 If in one register (e.g. arrest register) 5000 persons are found (for possession of heroin) and in a second register (e.g. treatment register) 2000 persons are found (for treatment of heroin abuse), and there are 400 persons who appear in both registries, it can be assumed that 20% (400/2000) of the drug addicts have been arrested, so that the total heroin addict population could be around 25,000 (5000/20%), five times larger than the total number of arrested heroin users. Results can usually be improved... 

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