Production estimates

Adipic acid is a very large volume organic chemical. Worldwide production in 1986 reached 1.6 x 10 t (3.5 x 10 lb) (158) and in 1989 was estimated at more than 1.9 x 10 t (Table 7). It is one of the top fifty (159) chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, with 1989 production estimated at 745,000 t (160). Growth rate in demand in the United States for the period 1988—1993 is estimated at 2.5% per year based on 1987—1989 (160). Table 7 provides individual capacities for U.S. manufacturers. Western European capacity is essentially equivalent to that in the United States at 800,000 t/yr. Demand is highly cycHc (161), reflecting the automotive and housing markets especially. Prices usually foUow the variabiUty in cmde oil prices. Adipic acid for nylon takes about 60% of U.S. cyclohexane production the remainder goes to caprolactam for nylon-6, export, and miscellaneous uses (162). In 1989 about 88% of U.S. adipic acid production was used in nylon-6,6 (77% fiber and 11% resin), 3% in polyurethanes, 2.5% in plasticizers, 2.7% miscellaneous, and 4.5% exported (160). 

Economic Aspects. MaHc acid is manufactured in over 10 countries, with 1992 worldwide production estimated at approximately 33,000 t, distributed as follows 44.4%, North America 52.1%, Far East and 3.5%, Africa. 

Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides. Elucidation of the chemical stmctures of the naturally occurring pyrethmm esters, their rapid and selective insecticidal action, and their high cost stimulated the search for effective synthetic derivatives (13,17,21). Since the 1940s, stmctural optimisation has produced an array of broad-spectmm insecticides with activity 10- to 20-fold greater than other types of insecticides, and with extended residual action. These synthetic pyrethroids have become one of the most important classes of insecticides with world aimual production estimated at 6000 t (21). 

Production estimates for propylene can only be approximated. Refinery propylene may be diverted captively to fuel or gasoline uses whenever recovery is uneconomic. Steam-cracker propylene production varies with feedstock and operating conditions. Moreover, because propylene is a by-product, production rates depend on gasoline and ethylene demand. 

The edible oilseed protein industry is comparatively small and is restricted to peanut and soybean proteins. One company manufactures partially defatted peanut flours made by hydraulic pressing. The products contain 40—42% protein. Production estimates for edible soybean proteins in the United States in 1993—1994 (56) and wholesale prices as of November 1995 are given in Table 15. 

Ball and roUer bearings represent the largest business segment with worldwide production estimated at 14 biUion in 1988 (1). U.S. production, forecast for 3.6 biUion in 1991, has fallen 5% aimuaHy for several years (2). This decrease is attributed largely to the slump in the automotive industry which represents 31% of the market for rolling-element bearings (3). 

Citric acid is manufactured in over 20 countries with 1990 worldwide production estimated at approximately 550,000 t, distributed as shown in Figure 5. Most of this production is used for foods and beverages however, industrial appHcations, eg, detergents, metal cleaning, of citric acid are becoming more important on a worldwide basis. 

Table 8. West European Dyestuff Production Estimates ...

Wackerhage, H., Mneller, K., Hoffmann, U., et al., 1996. Glycolytic ATP production estimated from "" P magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements during ischemic exercise in vivo. 4 151-155. 

Platt, T. and Sathyendranth, S. (1988). Oceanic primary production Estimation by remote sensing at local and regional scales. Science 241,1613-1620. 

Fig. 11. Forage production of grassland ecosystems subject to initial overgrazing (early 20th century, degree of production estimated) and subsequent invasion by the alien grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana (after Morton, 1985).

Residual acrylonitrile monomer may also occur in commercially-made polymeric materials used in rugs and other products. Estimated levels include acrylic and modacrylic fibers (less than 1 mg acrylonitrile/kg polymeric material), acrylonitrile-based resins (15 to 50 mg/kg), and nitrile rubber and latex (0 to 750 mg/kg) (IARC 1979 Miller and Villaume 1978). It is possible that acrylonitrile may evaporate into air or leach into water from these products, but no data on this topic were located. 

Carotenoids are probably the best known of the colorants and certainly the largest group of pigments produced in nature with an annual production estimated at 100,000,000 tons. Most of this is fucoxanthin produced by algae in the ocean and the three main pigments, lutein, violaxanthin and neoxanthin in green leaves.10 Over 600 carotenoid compounds have been reported. 

Blumenthal and co-workers used the earlier data and a case study of Denver, Colorado, to develop arguments as to the source of high concentrations of ozone or ozone precursors that are found in some nonurban areas. Th believe that downwind areas as long as 260 km can exceed the standard because of precursor emission from an urban source. Although th do not present any ozone production estimates related to photochemistry, their data analyses confirm hypotheses of transport from urban to nonurban areas. Th point out that rural areas have had concentrations as high as 0.3 ppm wi no local source of reactant. 

Product Estimated Value of 1970 Shipments, SmiUion Estimated Added Cbst per Dollar of Production, mils Total Added Cost, S million... 

Chemical Profiles and Chemical Prices series in Chemical Marketing Reporter provide many production estimates, use patterns, and prices for chemicals. 

One of the factors that has allowed the rapid post-WW2 expansion of the com starch processing indnstry has been rising agricultural productivity resulting in a steady increase in per capita cereal prodnction, despite the rising world population (Figure 4.5). By the year 2000, starch production estimates are for about 900x10 ton/a, about 75% from com, and with a (1990) value of 80 /ton Also over the... 

Yoshika, S., Aso,T., and Kojima, K. (1996), Statistical evaluation of shelf-life of pharmaceutical products estimated matrixing, Drug Stab. 1,147-151. 

Note Colombian cocaine production estimates for 2004 and later are not directly comparable with previous years. 

As a result, the global cocaine interception rate rose from 34 per cent in 2004 to 42 per cent in 20051, a significant increase from 20 per cent in 1995. However, yields and laboratory efficiency appear to have increased over the last few years and this may not yet be fully reflected in the current global cocaine production estimates. The result could be an overestimated global cocaine interception rate. While some adjustments in production figures may be expected in the future, there is little doubt that cocaine interception rates grew strongly in recent years. 

The pervasiveness of cannabis persists. Between 1995-2005, 82 countries provided UNODC with cannabis cultivation or production estimates. Unfortunately, reporting on cannabis cultivation is complex and resource intensive for a number of reasons and many countries do not have the capacity or resources ot make estimations. Consequently, UNODC also analyses seizure reports which sometimes identify the source of cannabis trafficked in a country. On this basis, 134 pro-... 

A 82 countries/territories providing cultivation/production estimates... 

No official Mexican cannabis production estimates exist. The first estimate is based on INCSR cultivation estimates and a yield figure of 800 kg/ha, provided to UNODC by the Mexican authorities the second figure reflects the US INCSR estimate for cannabis production in the year 2005- (US State Department, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 2007). 

Global cannabis resin production estimated at around 6,600 mt... 

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