Production, data

In 2004 it was estimated that about 80000 metric tonnes of natural fatty acids were consumed for manufacture of quaternary ammonium salts, in North America, Europe and Japan, using the nitrile process. Another 85 000 tonnes were converted to amines and other derivatives (Table 2.1). In 2006, North America consumed 35000 tonnes of quats made via the nitrile process and another 44 000 produced from fatty alcohols or olefins [39]. There has been growing competition between oleochemical- and petrochemical-based detergent alcohols for surfactant use, driven by the high price of crude oil and the increased supply of natural oils, particularly palm. 

About 60% of the fatty alcohols produced in 2006 were oleo based and this is expected to grow to about 65% by 2011. Oleochemical alcohols are particularly competitive in Asia due to the abundance of palm and coconut oils [39]. The consumption of cationic surfactants made by the various processes is shown in Table 2.2, and the impact of ester quats for fabric softening is clearly reflected in the numbers for cationics made via the fatty acid route. 

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It is possible that more than one of these drive mechanisms occur simultaneously the most common combination being gas cap drive and natural aquifer drive. Material balance techniques are applied to historic production data to estimate the contribution from each drive mechanism. 

Once the production potential of the producing wells is insufficient to maintain the plateau rate, the decline periodbegins. For an individual well in depletion drive, this commences as soon as production starts, and a plateau for the field can only be maintained by drilling more wells. Well performance during the decline period can be estimated by decline curve analysis which assumes that the decline can be described by a mathematical formula. Examples of this would be to assume an exponential decline with 10% decline per annum, or a straight line relationship between the cumulative oil production and the logarithm of the water cut. These assumptions become more robust when based on a fit to measured production data. 

ProcGen generates a scaled 3D model of the test specimen geometry, in the form of a faceted boundary representation. This model is made available for use by other software tasks in the system. The STEP file format (the ISO standard for product data exchange) was chosen to provide future compatibility with CAD models produced externally. In particular part 204 (faceted b-rep) of this standard is used. 

Product data, Textron Specialty Materials Division, LoweU, Mass., 1990. 

Product data, Piber Materials, Inc., Biddeford, Maine, Jan. 1975. 

Table 5. World Acetone Production Data by Regions Other Than the United States, 1987 ...

Data taken from Monsanto and Dow product data sheets. To convert MPa to psi multiply by 145. 

North American Chlor—Alkali Industy Plants and Production Data Book, Pamphlet 10, The Chlorine Institute, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1989. 

Material safety data sheets from Ethyl Corp. (EC) and Great Lakes (GL). Product data sheet from Dead Sea Bromine. 

Oyygen Dfluoride, Product Data Sheet, General Chemical Division, AUied Chemical Corp., Morristown, N.J. 

Mohi/Product Data Sheet, Mobiltherm, Mobil Oil Corp., New York. 

W. H. MueUet and R. Vota, Product Data Sheet, American Hoechst Corp., SPG-Central Research, Rhode Island, 1987. 

Unocal Product Data Sheets, Los Angeles, Calif., 1993. 

Organometallics Commercial Product Data, FMC Lithium Division, Gastonia, N.C. Butyllithium—Properties and Uses, Chemetad GmbH Lithium Division, Frankfurt, Germany t-Butyllithium in Heptane, FMC Lithium Division, Gastonia, N.C. 

Nickel Oxide Sinter 75, Product Data Sheet A-789, International Nickel Co., Inc., New York, 1977. 

Nickel-Coated Graphite-60, Product Data Sheet, Novamet Specialty Products Corp., Wyckoff, N.J., 1988. 

Cumulative production in countries outside the former USSR, Eastern Europe, and China since the late 1930s has totaled about 1 x 10 t U. A majority of this production came from the United States, Canada, Germany, Namibia, Niger, and South Africa. In addition, some 218,500 t U, 102,245 t U, 16,700 t U, and 16,850 t U have been produced, respectively, in the former GDR, former C2echoSlovakia, Hungary, and Romania. It is estimated that about 72,000 t U have been produced in Ka2akhstan. Reflable cumulative production data for the rest of the CIS, other Eastern European countries, and China, however, are not available (26). 

Economic Aspects. When trimellitic anhydride was introduced in semicommercial quantities in 1962, it was priced at 1.19/kg. The price was reduced to 0.55/kg as it became available in commercial quantities in 1968. The mid-1994 price was quoted as 2.31/kg from Amoco, fob, the JoHet, Illinois plant. A price history is given in Table 32. Although trimellitic anhydride production and sales figures are not available, the pubUshed U.S. Tariff Commission s production data for trimeUitate esters provides data for the trimellitic anhydride demand trend in the United States, since the largest single use of trimellitic anhydride is for the trimeUitate esters (115). These data are given in Table 32. 

Alumina Products and Technology, Product Data, Kaiser Chemicals Corporation, Baton Rouge, La., 1984. Note Kaiser is now owned by La Roche Chemicals Corporation. 

SP-100 Promoted Activated Alumina for Claus Catalysis, Product Data, Alcoa Chemicals Division, Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1984. 

F-200 ActivatedMlumina forMdsorption Applications, Product Data, Alcoa Chemicals Division, Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1985. R. D. Woosley, "Activated Alumina Desiccants," in L. D. Hart, ed.. Alumina Chemicals Science and Technology Handbook, American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 1990. 

Alumina Product Data Bulletins L o. CHE920, CHE 922, Alcoa, Bauxite, Arkansas Alcoa Chemie, Lausanne, Switzerland Alcan Chemicals, Qeveland, Ohio Kaiser Chemicals, Cleveland, Ohio Malakoff Industries (Reynolds), Malakoff, Texas Baikowski, Charlotte, North Carolina Criceram (Pechiney), Cedex, Prance Union Carbide Specialty Powders, IndianapoHs, Indiana Sumitomo Aluminum Smelting, Tokyo, Japan Showa Alumina Industries SAL, Tokyo, Japan VAW Aluminum, Germany Martinswerke, Germany Pechiney, Prance Arco Specialty Chemicals, Newton Square, Pennsylvania. 

ArmidMliphaticMmides andEthomidEthocglatedAmides, Product Data Bulletin 87—51, Azko Chemicals Company, IU., 1987. 

When the data are already in the computer, tracking lab performance using statistical techniques can be done with Htde effort. By having the data archived, historical trends can be charted and past process capabiUty compared to current capabiUty. This can be useful in responding to challenges to test results (30). The avadabihty of production data makes periodic comparison of process capabiUty to specification limits easy. 

From the solubiUty product data the thermodynamic tendency of a metal hydroxide to precipitate as a function of pH can be deterrnined. The actual solubihties on complex samples must be deterrnined empirically however, general predictions can be made regarding metal—metal separations by hydrolysis. 

Last year production data reported by industry see ASTM C28. ... 

Product data Hterature, Globe MetaHurgical Sales Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1996. Product profile Hterature, Hickman, WHHams and Company, Lakewood, Ohio, 1996. 

Quahty control testing of siUcones utilizes a combination of physical and chemical measurements to ensure satisfactory product performance and processibihty. Eor example, in addition to the usual physical properties of cured elastomers, the plasticity of heat-cured mbber and the extmsion rate of TVR elastomers under standard conditions are important to the customer. Where the siUcone appHcation involves surface activity, a use test is frequently the only rehable indicator of performance. Eor example, the performance of an antifoaming agent can be tested by measuring the foam reduction when the sihcone emulsion is added to an agitated standard detergent solution. The product data sheets and technical bulletins from commercial siUcone producers can be consulted for more information. 

Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 contain information concerning the physical properties, solvent characteristics (9—11), economic and production data (12,13), and health and safety characteristics of common industrial solvents (14).

Table 5. Cost and Production Data for Industrial Solvents...

Sodium Sulfite, product data sheet and product safety information sheets, Rh(Jme-Poulenc Basic Chemicals Co., Shelton, Conn., 1992. 

Includes lecoxene in ilmenite production data for United States are withheld to avoid disclosing proprietary information. 

Product data bulletins from activated carbon manufacturers, Calgon Carbon Corp., 1990, American Norit Co., 1990, and Westvaco Corp., 1988. 

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